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The Busy Bee Chemical Safety Plan
Preface forTheeHiveBees: I promised this safety plan quite some time ago. It has turned into quite the arduous, yet rewarding and insightful, task. The following document is best suited for BabyBees, and I will post it there as soon as possible after posting here; however, I hope that it will contain valuable information for most, if not all, bees. I, myself, am by no means an expert bee (although I possess a good deal of chemical knowledge in the ordinary sense, especially in regard to safety, at this point, and have a lot of experience in professional labs, mostly quantitative). As a result, I would like this to be a working document, and as such, I will consider any and all edits that other bees recommend. Please comment or DM any input or questions you may have. I am greatly indebted to all of you who have all ready provided assistance, and apologize if I missed any of your previous recommendations. *I especially need some assistance with waste disposal (last section) information. I only know about professional waste disposal, which we obviously want to avoid when possible. Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations B. PPE C. Lab Setup D. Behavior and Technique IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS B. Chemical Labeling C. Chemical Storage D. Bonding and Grounding E. Peroxide Forming Molecules and Shelf Lives V. Labware Safety A. Glassware B. Support C. Tubing D. Heat E. Electricity VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods B. Additional Tips VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations B. Fire Extinguishers C. Fire Blankets D. Spills E. First Aid VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene B. Facility Hygiene C. Waste Disposal ____________________________________________________________________________ II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules:
Never work alone, and alert others on the premises that you are about to conduct lab work. If you are blinded, set on fire, burnt, frightened, accidentally intoxicated, experience a health emergency, or are otherwise put in danger, you may be unable to remedy the situation alone, which could lead to death, permanent blindness, disfigurement, etc. Be sure that you and/or another has the ability to call 911.
Wear proper PPE at all times and avoid other hazardous dress (see the section on PPE below).
Always prepare for the worst!! Wear the PPE and take the precautions that will protect against the worst case scenario given the chemicals and processes you work with.
Never eat, drink, chew gum, or have any unnecessary items in the lab in case of contamination (of the items, self, or the experiment).
Keep the lab clean, sanitary, and organized.
Never allow walkways or exits to become obstructed.
Thoroughly study the SDS for each chemical you work with.
Have emergency procedures in place, including fire extinguishers, fire blankets, first aid, spill kits, emergency showers, and eyewash station.
Understand peroxide-forming chemicals, and evaluate shelf-lives of materials.
Bond and ground flammable and combustible fluids.
Use a fume hood.
Store and handle reagents properly.
Add acids and bases to water, never vice-versa.
Never look into the end of any glassware wherein a reaction is taking place.
III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations: Before we apply PPE, there are some basic precautions that must be taken in terms of dress and personal hygiene. Do NOT:
Wear loose fitting clothing that may knock things over, catch fire, or soak up chemicals.
Wear jewelry for the above reasons. Metals in jewelry may also react with certain chemicals.
Unnecessarily expose any skin.
Wear contact lenses, unless full, non-ventilated goggles are also worn.
Do:
Maintain personal hygiene to avoid contamination.
Wear all proper PPE, especially gloves and goggles at all times.
Wash hands and change gloves as frequently as possible.
Wear closed-toe, thick, shoes.
Wear tight-fitting clothing that covers as much skin as possible- long sleeves, long pants, closed shirt, and lab coat.
B. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): The most obvious safety practice is the use of personal protective equipment. However, PPE is the last system of defense against chemical hazards. Practitioners should focus their efforts on the maintenance of a safe work environment, proper training, and the replacement of more with less dangerous chemicals where possible. We will classify PPE into three sections- eye, body, and respiratory protection. (note: larger labs and some rare reactions may also require hearing protection, light-restrictive eye protection, hard hats, and other forms of protection as necessary). Eye Protection: Chemical splash goggles Eye protection is not just to prevent impact, which is all that general safety goggles, with or without side shields, do. General safety goggles and eyeglasses offer limited protection against sprays, and do NOT prevent splash hazards, which may come from any angle or drip down one’s face into the eyes. Additionally, some chemical fumes are eye irritants. Bees should wear chemical splash goggles labeled with the code Z87.1, which denotes compliance with safety standards. The goggles must fit snugly against the face and remain on at all times. Suggestion: Chemical Splash/Impact Goggle.
Do not touch your eyes while in a lab.
Never wear contact lenses in a lab- some chemicals may react with them, and liquids may get trapped under them, exacerbating eye damage and reducing effectiveness of emergency eye washes.
Face shields that cover the entire face may be necessary for chemicals that are particularly corrosive, flammable, or explosive.
Body Protection: Long clothes that cover as much skin as possible is a must. This means closed shoes or boots, pants, long sleeves, a lab coat, and gloves. Tie back long hair. Change gloves and wash hands as often as possible, especially before leaving the lab. Recognize that touching things such as your phone with your gloves on may spread toxic chemicals.
Gloves: Keep a large amount of gloves on hand. This includes boxes of traditional nitrile/latex gloves, and at least one pair each of heat/cold resistant and thick-rubber, arm-length, corrosive-resistant gloves.
All gloves are permeable- even the proper glove will only protect for a period of time. Many chemicals will eventually work their way through them. It is imperative that gloves are changed and hands washed as often as possible.
If more than one type of hand protection is necessary, multi-hazard protective gloves are available; otherwise, gloves may be layered.
All used gloves should be considered hazardous. Throw them away in a safe place, and do not wear or carry them outside of the lab area.
2. Lab Coats: Multi-hazard protection lab coats are best, and should be both fire (FR) and chemical splash (CP) resistant. Most basic lab coats found online or in stores are not FCP. Proper coats are more expensive, but are absolutely worthwhile as they may prevent fire, chemical burns, and even death (research the UCLA tert-butyllithium incident). Here is an example of a proper lab coat: Lab Coat.
If you work with corrosive chemicals, a chemical splash apron, arm-length rubber gloves, and face shields may be necessary.
Keep lab coats in the lab area unless they are washed. They should be assumed to contain hazardous chemicals.
3. Respiratory Protection: Never smell chemicals or inhale their fumes. Use a fume hood when necessary and keep containers closed tightly. In case of a large chemical spill, evacuate immediately. Use a fume hood with any organic solvent, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia. Use respirators when working with fine powders or toxic fumes. C. Lab setup: Develop a thorough floor plan before equipping your lab. Priorities:
Ventilation- Air must flow from other areas of the facility or home to the lab area, and subsequently out of the building. Fume hoods must immediately direct airflow out of building.
Maximize open work space and visibility, and minimize obstruction throughout the work area.
Allow ample space between and within workstations.
Include ample lighting.
Include ample (excess) storage space that is separate from lab spaces where reactions take place.
Use OSHA approved acid, corrosive, and flammable storage cabinets.
Strategically place first aid, wash stations, spill control kits, fire extinguishers and blankets such that all are easily accessible in case of emergency, and such that an emergency itself (e.g. fire) will not obstruct access.
Doors should, preferably, hinge outward to promote prompt evacuation.
All wash stations must have a proper drain.
Large sinks are best, and there should be one per workstation.
All electrical and gas lines must be easily severable or closable.
Black epoxy resin surfaces are preferred.
Install and routinely check smoke detectors.
D. Behavior and Technique:
Keep a proper lab notebook that records all procedures.
Gather all needed glassware, labware, and chemicals before beginning an experiment.
Keep all equipment clean and dry when not in use.
Never add solvent to acids, bases, etc!! This could result in a violent reaction. All ways prepare the solvent first, and slowly add the acid or base to it.
Eliminate distractions.
Stay organized and keep the lab uncluttered.
Bond and ground when pouring flammable or combustible liquids.
Use the right tool for the job. Do not skimp or substitute glassware.
IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS: The first and most vital step to understand how to safely handle chemicals is thorough, proper, and regular review of Safety Data Sheets. It is recommended that physical copies of SDSs be kept for all chemicals in the laboratory. Safety Data Sheets can be found online as well, and should be reviewed each time a chemical is used, at least until one has extensive experience with that chemical. Safety and storage information should also be reviewed for any compounds synthesized, as well as any side products or impurities. The format of an SDS is an update to the traditional MSDS, and follows the guidelines prescribed by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) established in March 2012. A traditional MSDS is likely to contain all or most of the necessary information; however, SDS has the benefit of a strict and easy to follow format that includes the following 16 sections: Section 1—Identification: Chemical/product name, name and contact information of producer. Section 2—Hazard(s) Identification: All known hazards of the chemical and required label elements. The GHS identifies three hazard classes: health (toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, etc.), physical (corrosive, flammable, combustible, etc.), and environmental hazards. There are 16 types of physical hazards and 10 types of health hazards. Next to each listed hazard is a rank/category from 1-4, with 1 being the most severe level of hazard. Next are hazard pictograms, a signal word, and hazard (H) statements and precautionary (P) statements. Pictograms allow chemists to quickly understand the basic hazards of a chemical, and must be on the chemical label. What pictograms a chemical requires is quantitatively determined, and users should become familiar with them. 📷 There are two signal words- Danger!, and Warning!, the former being more serious than the latter. P and H statements list specifically hazardous situations and precautions that must be taken when handling the chemical. Section 3—Composition/Information on Ingredients Section 4—First-Aid Measures Section 5—Fire-Fighting Measures Section 6—Accidental Release Measures: What to do in case of accidental spill or release of chemicals, proper containment, and cleanup. Section 7—Handling and Storage Section 8—Exposure Controls/Personal Protection: Includes exposure limits. Section 9—Physical and Chemical Properties: appearance, odor, flashpoint, solubility, pH, evaporation rates, etc. Section 10—Stability and Reactivity: Chemical stability and possible hazardous reactions. Section 11—Toxicological Information: Routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or absorption contact), symptoms, acute and chronic effects, and numerical measures of toxicity. Sections 12-15 are optional, but include ecological information, disposal considerations, transportation information, and regulatory information. Section 16-- includes any additional information the producer may want to portray. B. Chemical Labeling: All chemicals should be labeled at all times to avoid hazard, confusion, and waste.
Containers that are being used in a procedure (beakers, flasks, wash bottles, etc.) may simply be labeled with a piece of scotch tape and a permanent marker.
Vessels that will be heated can be labeled with a heat-resistant paint marker.
Chemicals that will be stored (whether produced or purchased) should be labeled with at minimum the chemical name, date of production/purchase/opening, and safety concerns. Simple labels may be used for containers that are not in the manufacturer’s packaging.
C. Chemical Storage: General Reagents:
Keep storage spaces organized, clean, and uncluttered.
All chemicals should be stored properly whenever not in use.
Store bottles away from shelf edges, and/or have lipped shelves to prevent falls from, and contain spills on, shelves.
Keep seals tight.
Keep an inventory.
Always label chemicals properly, including the dates received and opened.
Bees may opt to cover glass containers in clear packing tape to reduce mess if a bottle is broken.
Store flammable and combustible liquids in a flammable cabinet. An old fridge is a good method of storage for bees. Never store food or drink in the same refrigerator.
Do not store liquids above solids.
Always store corrosive chemicals on spill trays.
Store odoriferous and toxic chemicals in ventilated cabinets.
Keep heavy containers on bottom shelves, and don’t store in high places or on the floor unless properly protected.
Acetone with- bromine, chlorine, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrogen peroxide (do not use acetone to clean receptacles that have had these chemicals in them!).
Iodine with- acetylene, ammonia, or hydrogen.
Water- keep all other chemicals away from water unless in solution. Especially avoid hydration of acetyl chloride, alkaline and alkaline earth metals, barium peroxide, carbides, chromic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, or sulfur trioxide.
Nitric Acid with- acetone, acetic acid, alcohol, chromic acid, aniline, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, or any flammable substances (keep this in mind when cleaning with nitric acid).
Hydrogen Peroxide with- copper, chromium, iron, most metals or salts of metals, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, flammable liquids, ammonia, or oxidizing agents.
Zinc and sulfur.
Mercury with- acetylene, fulminic acid, or ammonia.
Compressed Gasses:
Keep cylinders of compressed gasses secured
Keep appropriate breathing apparati in the vicinity, but not immediately near the compressed gases in case of emergency.
Keep the valve cap secured unless in use or connected to a line.
Do not store flammable gases near oxidizers or combustible materials.
Do not allow a cylinder to empty completely.
Dispose of cylinders after ten years, or three in the case of corrosive and toxic chemicals.
Note: avoid working with gases when possible. Gas chemistry has many complications, is often unsafe, and produces poor yields and poor quality products. Bulk Storage Containers:
Carboys: These are great for general purpose, and storage of chemicals no longer in their original container. However, they are not ideal for transport or use with acids, caustics, flammable liquids, or corrosive substances.
Safety Cans: have spring loaded lids and flame arresters. They are good for fluids in volumes less than five gallons, are safe for transporting most chemicals, and can be had for around $80. Recommended Safety Can.
Drums: for bulk chemicals. They may weigh in excess of 800 lb (364 kg), and should only be moved with a drum dolly, not rolled or dragged. Drums may be made of steel or high-strength plastics.
D. Bonding and Grounding: “Class I Liquids should not be run or dispensed into a container unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected.” (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106(e)(6)(ii), ATEX directive, and NFPA UFC Div. VIII, Sec. 79.803a). An ungrounded static voltage (including from friction) may cause combustion of some fluids. Metal containers must be connected via a common grounding wire made of solid or braided wire, or welded connections, before fluid is poured between them. E. Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: A variety of common chemicals spontaneously form peroxide compounds under ordinary storage conditions due to reaction with oxygen. Peroxides are extraordinarily explosive, and can often be ignited by contact with heat, friction (incl. simply turning the cap of the container), and mechanical shock (incl. shaking, bumping, or dropping). Three classes of peroxide-forming chemicals are of particular interest, and are organized by the precautions that should be taken with unopened and opened containers. Class A Peroxide Formers: the most hazardous class. Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: Test for peroxides quarterly. Common class A peroxide formers include: Butadiene (liquid monomer) Isopropyl ether Sodium amide (sodamide) Chloroprene (liquid monomer) Potassium amide Tetrafluoroethylene (liquid monomer) Divinyl acetylene Potassium metal Vinylidene chloride Class B Peroxide Formers: Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: test for peroxide formation every 6 months. *Always test this class immediately before any distillation. Common Class B Peroxide Formers include: Acetal Cumene Diacetylene Methylacetylene 1-Phenylethanol Acetaldehyde Cyclohexanol Diethyl ether Methylcyclopentane 2-Phenylethanol Benzyl alcohol 2-Cychlohexen-1-ol Dioxanes MIBK 2-Propanol Benzaldehyde Cyclohexene Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) 2-Pentanol Tetrahydrofuran 2-Butanol Decahydronaphthalene Furan 4-Penten-1-ol Class C Peroxide Formers: Same precautions as Class B. Include: Acrylic acid Chloroprene Styrene Vinyl acetylene Vinyladiene chloride Acrylonitirile Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Vinyl chloride Butadiene Methyl methacrylate Vinyl acetate Vinyl pyridine *Without opening, immediately dispose of any peroxide-forming chemical with any crystalline formation. Be careful not to open, shake, heat, or drop. Testing Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: Peroxide test strips can be bought cheaply online, or various in-lab tests can be performed: One method is to combine the fluid with an equal volume (1-3mL) of acetic acid (AcOH). To this a few drops of a 5% KI solution are added, and a color change indicates the presence of peroxides. Another method adds a small amount of the fluid to be tested (~0.5mL) to ~1mL 10% KI solution and ~0.5mL dilute HCL. To this a few drops of starch indicator are added, and the presence of blue/blue-black color within a minute indicates the presence of peroxides. Fluids with a LOW (<30ppm) concentration of peroxides can often be deperoxidated via filtration through activated alumina, distillation (not for THF!), evaporation, or chromatography. V. Labware Safety A. Glassware:
Always inspect glassware for cracks, chips, or fractures before use. Discard any glassware that is even slightly damaged.
Use glassware for its intended purpose! Heat fluids in a round-bottom boiling flask whenever possible.
Store on a shelf away from the edge. Round-bottomed flasks should be set on cork or tin holders, or padded into a drawer.
Joint grease reduces stuck joints, and therefore breakage.
Always carry glassware with two hands. Do not hold beakers by their sides, or flasks by the neck.
Clean glassware after any procedure, and before as necessary.
B. Support:
Use the fewest amount of clamps such that all structures are firmly held.
Support all flasks with rings.
Assemble apparati from bottom up.
Assemble such that liquid always passes through the male joint. Never allow fluid to pass into the joint. This prevents both leaks and lubricant contamination.
Do not over tighten clamps. Clamps should be tightened the minimum amount that provides a secure frame.
C. Tubing:
Cut glass tubing by placing a single slit in the desired position, then breaking by pulling the edges toward you and pushing the joint out.
Bend glass tubing by heating until red, and pulling ends toward self to form desired angle.
Use lubricant to insert tubing into stoppers, and wear hand protection during assembly.
DO NOT force glass together or into anything. Use minimal pressure, lubricant, and a gentle twisting motion if necessary.
D. Heating:
Heating mantles and hot plates are preferred over bunsen burners in almost all situations. Never unnecessarily introduce a flame to your lab environment.
Avoid rapid temperature changes whenever possible. Borosilicate glass is made for more rapid temperature changes. Heat and cool glass slowly. Do not set hot glass on a cold tabletop or under cold water.
Never look into the mouth of a receptacle that is being heated, or point it towards the self or others.
Use heat resistant gloves and/or tongs to handle hot receptacles or products.
Cover oil baths so they don’t splatter, or use a sand bath in its stead.
Always use boiling chips for reflux and distillation!
E. Electricity:
Be aware of electrical hazards. Check wires periodically, and keep the lab environment dry and clean.
Use power strips to protect equipment.
VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods: Fume hoods are absolutely essential whenever flammability, toxicity, or accidental intoxication is a concern. That includes all organic solvents, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia, as well as any materials that are both volatile and toxic, corrosive, reactive, or intoxicating. The face velocity of a fume hood should be around 100 ft/min or 0.5 m/s. Keep these guidelines in mind when using a fume hood:
Regularly check that air flow is not blocked.
Keep the sash open as little as possible to promote air flow.
Keep all chemicals and glassware at least 6 inches away from the edge of the workspace.
Air should flow from the fume hood directly to the outdoors.
Unfortunately, bees often find that fume hoods are the most difficult apparatus to obtain and install in a private laboratory. Nonetheless, it is imperative that each lab includes one. This is especially important for bees, who often work in confined spaces that can quickly and easily fill with toxic, flammable, or intoxicating vapors. A proper fume hood may cost several thousand dollars. Fortunately, there are many online guides and videos that teach how to construct one for as little as a few hundred dollars. The builder must meticulously ensure that air flow is adequate and constant. The outtake must be properly filtered, and there must not be any leaks through which air can flow other than the space under the sash and the outtake. B. Additional Tips:
Avoid gas chemistry whenever possible. It is often dangerous, difficult, and produces poor quality products and low yields.
Avoid pressurized systems whenever possible. They also present special risks.
After working with potentially pyrophoric agents that may not interact well with water or oxygen, flush apparati with pressurized inert gas before cleaning.
Do not clean bromine contaminated glassware with acetone, which forms bromoacetone, a tear gas.
Always use deionized water- tap water contains interruptive ions such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+, as well as dissolved gasses.
VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations: If any hazardous chemical comes in contact with the body or eyes, the emergency shower or eye-wash station should be utilized immediately, with continued application for at least 15 minutes. The eyes should be held open for this entire process. Quality eye-wash stations can be purchased online for between 50 and several hundred US dollars. Bees who don’t have one installed are advised to purchase one. Some models can be attached directly to a sink faucet. An alternative, less effective, and minimal necessary precaution is bottled, eye-safe saline solution such as EyeSaline and Physician’s Care Eyewash Station, which can be purchased online for around $10 for a single bottle, and $30+ for kits. At least two bottles should be kept on hand in case both eyes are contaminated. Application of bottled solution to both eyes may require a partner, because the eyes must be held open to maximize effectiveness. For this, and other reasons (speed, difficulty/time of opening bottles vs. pushing a button, and water pressure) an actual eyewash station is in all ways preferred. Faucet-mounted eyewash stations such as the following are very affordable (US $59.95). Recommended Eyewash Station. Bees may not, however, have the space to install a safety shower. The home shower may be used in its stead; however, precaution must be taken to ensure it is easily accessible. The chemist should alert all others in the home/facility that they are working, and require that the door to the shower, and the path to it, be open at all times in case of emergency. B. Fire extinguishers:
Avoid working with flames whenever possible, especially when working with flammable solvents. Hot plates or heating mantles are preferable in almost all situations.
There are four classes of fires:
Class A- ordinary combustibles- wood, cloth, paper- can be extinguished with water, or general fire extinguishers. Class B- organic solvents, flammable liquids- chemical foam extinguishers (also work for class A and C). Class C- electrical equipment- chemical foam extinguishers. Class D- combustible metals such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
A dry chemical ABC extinguisher is usually adequate.
If you plan to work with combustible metals (not recommended unless necessary), make sure to have a class D dry chemical fire extinguisher. Other methods or classes of extinguishers will not put out a combustible metal fire. Note that class D fire extinguishers will not work for class A, B, or C fires.
Do not use a CO2 extinguisher- if it has to be used on the person it can cause frostbite and inhibit breathing.
C. Fire blankets: Used for small fires, or to put out a person who has caught fire (laying on ground, standing may cause the fire to move up the body to the head due to a chimney effect). D. Spills: Keep some vinegar or baking soda around to neutralize bases and acids, respectively. After acids and bases are neutralized, the chemical can be mopped up and placed in waste disposal. VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene: Wash hands, face, and all exposed skin after PPE has been removed to avoid recontamination by touching dirty clothes. Shower and change clothes once possible. B. Facility Hygiene: Clean all surfaces, glassware, and equipment before leaving the lab. Keep laboratory items in the lab, and personal items out of it. Chemicals may be transferred into the home through those items. Additionally, foreign objects have the potential to contaminate sterile laboratory environments. C. Waste Disposal: Waste disposal is one of the most important aspects of safety, image management, public relations, avoidance of fines or criminal charges, and environmental preservation.
Create a waste disposal plan before beginning a procedure or ordering a chemical.
Consult the SDS for all chemicals, individually or in a mixture.
Clearly label all containers, including waste.
Rinse out empty containers with an inert solvent several times before disposal.
Collect aqueous waste separately from organic solvent waste, and place solid waste in a labeled container for disposal. Flammable and toxic waste should be stored in a closed waste container in the fume hood until proper disposal is possible.
Non-hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill.
The Article “Management of Waste” found here states, “The best strategy for managing laboratory waste aims to maximize safety and minimize environmental impact, and considers these objectives from the time of purchase.” The article describes four tiers of waste management:
Pollution prevention and source reduction (green chemistry).
Reuse and redistribution of unwanted/surplus material (purchasing only what is needed).
Treatment, reclamation, and recycling of materials within the waste.
Disposal through incineration, treatment, or land burial. Additionally, use of solvent as fuel, or a fuel blender (the least desirable tier).
I hope this safety plan can save a few bees. I know there is a lot of information, but chemical safety is extremely important and multifaceted. Best of luck with your endeavors. Stay safe out there!
Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations B. PPE C. Lab Setup D. Behavior and Technique IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS B. Chemical Labeling C. Chemical Storage D. Bonding and Grounding E. Peroxide Forming Molecules and Shelf Lives V. Labware Safety A. Glassware B. Support C. Tubing D. Heat E. Electricity VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods B. Additional Tips VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations B. Fire Extinguishers C. Fire Blankets D. Spills E. First Aid VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene B. Facility Hygiene C. Waste Disposal IX. List of Edits ____________________________________________________________________________ I. Introduction: Chemistry is an extremely exciting endeavor; however, it can also be an exceedingly dangerous one. Professional chemists are disfigured, maimed, burned, and even killed every year. Clandestine chemists face even greater harm when they have a lack of knowledge, inadequate facilities, no established safety protocol, or a capricious attitude. If you want to be a productive bee, you will face untold hours of preparation. It will prove to be a worthwhile endeavor; however, it is not something to rush, and your chances of success are slim-to-none if you damage yourself, others, or your home/facility. The following document is very long and thorough. We won't pretend that bees are going to follow all of these recommendations, but I urge all baby bees to at least browse this document to become familiarize with the attitude of safety and some of the dangers of laboratory work. I am open to any and all recommendations, questions, and edits- this will be a working document. I wish you all luck in your exploration. Remember, however, that safety in the lab rarely comes down to luck- it is all about preparation, execution, and awareness of your surroundings. Safe travels, fellow bees! II. Basic Laboratory Safety Rules:
Never work alone, and alert others on the premises that you are about to conduct lab work. If you are blinded, set on fire, burnt, frightened, accidentally intoxicated, experience a health emergency, or are otherwise put in danger, you may be unable to remedy the situation alone, which could lead to death, permanent blindness, disfigurement, etc. Be sure that you and/or another has the ability to call 911.
Wear proper PPE at all times and avoid other hazardous dress (see the section on PPE below).
Always prepare for the worst!! Wear the PPE and take the precautions that will protect against the worst case scenario given the chemicals and processes you work with.
Never eat, drink, chew gum, or have any unnecessary items in the lab in case of contamination (of the items, self, or the experiment).
Keep the lab clean, sanitary, and organized.
Never allow walkways or exits to become obstructed.
Thoroughly study the SDS for each chemical you work with.
Have emergency procedures in place, including fire extinguishers, fire blankets, first aid, spill kits, emergency showers, and eyewash station.
Understand peroxide-forming chemicals, and evaluate shelf-lives of materials.
Bond and ground flammable and combustible fluids.
Use a fume hood.
Store and handle reagents properly.
Add acids and bases to water, never vice-versa.
Never look into the end of any glassware wherein a reaction is taking place.
III. Dress, Preparation, and PPE for Lab Work A. Basic Considerations: Before we apply PPE, there are some basic precautions that must be taken in terms of dress and personal hygiene. Do NOT:
Wear loose fitting clothing that may knock things over, catch fire, or soak up chemicals.
Wear jewelry for the above reasons. Metals in jewelry may also react with certain chemicals.
Unnecessarily expose any skin.
Wear contact lenses, unless full, non-ventilated goggles are also worn.
Do:
Maintain personal hygiene to avoid contamination.
Wear all proper PPE, especially gloves and goggles at all times.
Wash hands and change gloves as frequently as possible.
Wear closed-toe, thick, shoes.
Wear tight-fitting clothing that covers as much skin as possible- long sleeves, long pants, closed shirt, and lab coat.
B. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): The most obvious safety practice is the use of personal protective equipment. However, PPE is the last system of defense against chemical hazards. Practitioners should focus their efforts on the maintenance of a safe work environment, proper training, and the replacement of more with less dangerous chemicals where possible. We will classify PPE into three sections- eye, body, and respiratory protection. (note: larger labs and some rare reactions may also require hearing protection, light-restrictive eye protection, hard hats, and other forms of protection as necessary). Eye Protection: Chemical splash goggles Eye protection is not just to prevent impact, which is all that general safety goggles, with or without side shields, do. General safety goggles and eyeglasses offer limited protection against sprays, and do NOT prevent splash hazards, which may come from any angle or drip down one’s face into the eyes. Additionally, some chemical fumes are eye irritants. Bees should wear chemical splash goggles labeled with the code Z87.1, which denotes compliance with safety standards. The goggles must fit snugly against the face and remain on at all times. Suggestion: Chemical Splash/Impact Goggle.
Do not touch your eyes while in a lab.
Never wear contact lenses in a lab- some chemicals may react with them, and liquids may get trapped under them, exacerbating eye damage and reducing effectiveness of emergency eye washes.
Face shields that cover the entire face may be necessary for chemicals that are particularly corrosive, flammable, or explosive.
Body Protection: Long clothes that cover as much skin as possible is a must. This means closed shoes or boots, pants, long sleeves, a lab coat, and gloves. Tie back long hair. Change gloves and wash hands as often as possible, especially before leaving the lab. Recognize that touching things such as your phone with your gloves on may spread toxic chemicals.
Gloves: Keep a large amount of gloves on hand. This includes boxes of traditional nitrile/latex gloves, and at least one pair each of heat/cold resistant and thick-rubber, arm-length, corrosive-resistant gloves.
All gloves are permeable- even the proper glove will only protect for a period of time. Many chemicals will eventually work their way through them. It is imperative that gloves are changed and hands washed as often as possible.
If more than one type of hand protection is necessary, multi-hazard protective gloves are available; otherwise, gloves may be layered.
All used gloves should be considered hazardous. Throw them away in a safe place, and do not wear or carry them outside of the lab area.
2. Lab Coats: Multi-hazard protection lab coats are best, and should be both fire (FR) and chemical splash (CP) resistant. Most basic lab coats found online or in stores are not FCP. Proper coats are more expensive, but are absolutely worthwhile as they may prevent fire, chemical burns, and even death (research the UCLA tert-butyllithium incident). Here is an example of a proper lab coat: Lab Coat.
If you work with corrosive chemicals, a chemical splash apron, arm-length rubber gloves, and face shields may be necessary.
Keep lab coats in the lab area unless they are washed. They should be assumed to contain hazardous chemicals.
3. Respiratory Protection: Never smell chemicals or inhale their fumes. Use a fume hood when necessary and keep containers closed tightly. In case of a large chemical spill, evacuate immediately. Use a fume hood with any organic solvent, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia. Use respirators when working with fine powders or toxic fumes. C. Lab setup: Develop a thorough floor plan before equipping your lab. Priorities:
Ventilation- Air must flow from other areas of the facility or home to the lab area, and subsequently out of the building. Fume hoods must immediately direct airflow out of building.
Maximize open work space and visibility, and minimize obstruction throughout the work area.
Allow ample space between and within workstations.
Include ample lighting.
Include ample (excess) storage space that is separate from lab spaces where reactions take place.
Use OSHA approved acid, corrosive, and flammable storage cabinets.
Strategically place first aid, wash stations, spill control kits, fire extinguishers and blankets such that all are easily accessible in case of emergency, and such that an emergency itself (e.g. fire) will not obstruct access.
Doors should, preferably, hinge outward to promote prompt evacuation.
All wash stations must have a proper drain.
Large sinks are best, and there should be one per workstation.
All electrical and gas lines must be easily severable or closable.
Black epoxy resin surfaces are preferred.
Install and routinely check smoke detectors.
D. Behavior and Technique:
Keep a proper lab notebook that records all procedures.
Gather all needed glassware, labware, and chemicals before beginning an experiment.
Keep all equipment clean and dry when not in use.
Never add solvent to acids, bases, etc!! This could result in a violent reaction. All ways prepare the solvent first, and slowly add the acid or base to it.
Eliminate distractions.
Stay organized and keep the lab uncluttered.
Bond and ground when pouring flammable or combustible liquids.
Use the right tool for the job. Do not skimp or substitute glassware.
IV. Chemical Safety A. SDS: The first and most vital step to understand how to safely handle chemicals is thorough, proper, and regular review of Safety Data Sheets. It is recommended that physical copies of SDSs be kept for all chemicals in the laboratory. Safety Data Sheets can be found online as well, and should be reviewed each time a chemical is used, at least until one has extensive experience with that chemical. Safety and storage information should also be reviewed for any compounds synthesized, as well as any side products or impurities. The format of an SDS is an update to the traditional MSDS, and follows the guidelines prescribed by the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) established in March 2012. A traditional MSDS is likely to contain all or most of the necessary information; however, SDS has the benefit of a strict and easy to follow format that includes the following 16 sections: Section 1—Identification: Chemical/product name, name and contact information of producer. Section 2—Hazard(s) Identification: All known hazards of the chemical and required label elements. The GHS identifies three hazard classes: health (toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, etc.), physical (corrosive, flammable, combustible, etc.), and environmental hazards. There are 16 types of physical hazards and 10 types of health hazards. Next to each listed hazard is a rank/category from 1-4, with 1 being the most severe level of hazard. Next are hazard pictograms, a signal word, and hazard (H) statements and precautionary (P) statements. Pictograms allow chemists to quickly understand the basic hazards of a chemical, and must be on the chemical label. What pictograms a chemical requires is quantitatively determined, and users should become familiar with them. 📷 There are two signal words- Danger!, and Warning!, the former being more serious than the latter. P and H statements list specifically hazardous situations and precautions that must be taken when handling the chemical. Section 3—Composition/Information on Ingredients Section 4—First-Aid Measures Section 5—Fire-Fighting Measures Section 6—Accidental Release Measures: What to do in case of accidental spill or release of chemicals, proper containment, and cleanup. Section 7—Handling and Storage Section 8—Exposure Controls/Personal Protection: Includes exposure limits. Section 9—Physical and Chemical Properties: appearance, odor, flashpoint, solubility, pH, evaporation rates, etc. Section 10—Stability and Reactivity: Chemical stability and possible hazardous reactions. Section 11—Toxicological Information: Routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or absorption contact), symptoms, acute and chronic effects, and numerical measures of toxicity. Sections 12-15 are optional, but include ecological information, disposal considerations, transportation information, and regulatory information. Section 16-- includes any additional information the producer may want to portray. B. Chemical Labeling: All chemicals should be labeled at all times to avoid hazard, confusion, and waste.
Containers that are being used in a procedure (beakers, flasks, wash bottles, etc.) may simply be labeled with a piece of scotch tape and a permanent marker.
Vessels that will be heated can be labeled with a heat-resistant paint marker.
Chemicals that will be stored (whether produced or purchased) should be labeled with at minimum the chemical name, date of production/purchase/opening, and safety concerns. Simple labels may be used for containers that are not in the manufacturer’s packaging.
C. Chemical Storage: General Reagents:
Keep storage spaces organized, clean, and uncluttered.
All chemicals should be stored properly whenever not in use.
Store bottles away from shelf edges, and/or have lipped shelves to prevent falls from, and contain spills on, shelves.
Keep seals tight.
Keep an inventory.
Always label chemicals properly, including the dates received and opened.
Bees may opt to cover glass containers in clear packing tape to reduce mess if a bottle is broken.
Store flammable and combustible liquids in a flammable cabinet. An old fridge is a good method of storage for bees. Never store food or drink in the same refrigerator.
Do not store liquids above solids.
Always store corrosive chemicals on spill trays.
Store odoriferous and toxic chemicals in ventilated cabinets.
Keep heavy containers on bottom shelves, and don’t store in high places or on the floor unless properly protected.
Acetone with- bromine, chlorine, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or hydrogen peroxide (do not use acetone to clean receptacles that have had these chemicals in them!).
Iodine with- acetylene, ammonia, or hydrogen.
Water- keep all other chemicals away from water unless in solution. Especially avoid hydration of acetyl chloride, alkaline and alkaline earth metals, barium peroxide, carbides, chromic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, or sulfur trioxide.
Nitric Acid with- acetone, acetic acid, alcohol, chromic acid, aniline, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, or any flammable substances (keep this in mind when cleaning with nitric acid).
Hydrogen Peroxide with- copper, chromium, iron, most metals or salts of metals, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, flammable liquids, ammonia, or oxidizing agents.
Zinc and sulfur.
Mercury with- acetylene, fulminic acid, or ammonia.
Compressed Gasses:
Keep cylinders of compressed gasses secured
Keep appropriate breathing apparati in the vicinity, but not immediately near the compressed gases in case of emergency.
Keep the valve cap secured unless in use or connected to a line.
Do not store flammable gases near oxidizers or combustible materials.
Do not allow a cylinder to empty completely.
Dispose of cylinders after ten years, or three in the case of corrosive and toxic chemicals.
Note: avoid working with gases when possible. Gas chemistry has many complications, is often unsafe, and produces poor yields and poor quality products. Bulk Storage Containers:
Carboys: These are great for general purpose, and storage of chemicals no longer in their original container. However, they are not ideal for transport or use with acids, caustics, flammable liquids, or corrosive substances.
Safety Cans: have spring loaded lids and flame arresters. They are good for fluids in volumes less than five gallons, are safe for transporting most chemicals, and can be had for around $80. Recommended Safety Can.
Drums: for bulk chemicals. They may weigh in excess of 800 lb (364 kg), and should only be moved with a drum dolly, not rolled or dragged. Drums may be made of steel or high-strength plastics.
D. Bonding and Grounding: “Class I Liquids should not be run or dispensed into a container unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected.” (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106(e)(6)(ii), ATEX directive, and NFPA UFC Div. VIII, Sec. 79.803a). An ungrounded static voltage (including from friction) may cause combustion of some fluids. Metal containers must be connected via a common grounding wire made of solid or braided wire, or welded connections, before fluid is poured between them. E. Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: A variety of common chemicals spontaneously form peroxide compounds under ordinary storage conditions due to reaction with oxygen. Peroxides are extraordinarily explosive, and can often be ignited by contact with heat, friction (incl. simply turning the cap of the container), and mechanical shock (incl. shaking, bumping, or dropping). Three classes of peroxide-forming chemicals are of particular interest, and are organized by the precautions that should be taken with unopened and opened containers. Class A Peroxide Formers: the most hazardous class. Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: Test for peroxides quarterly. Common class A peroxide formers include: Butadiene (liquid monomer) Isopropyl ether Sodium amide (sodamide) Chloroprene (liquid monomer) Potassium amide Tetrafluoroethylene (liquid monomer) Divinyl acetylene Potassium metal Vinylidene chloride Class B Peroxide Formers: Unopened: discard or test for peroxides after 12 months or at manufacturer’s expiration date (whichever comes first). Opened: test for peroxide formation every 6 months. *Always test this class immediately before any distillation. Common Class B Peroxide Formers include: Acetal Cumene Diacetylene Methylacetylene 1-Phenylethanol Acetaldehyde Cyclohexanol Diethyl ether Methylcyclopentane 2-Phenylethanol Benzyl alcohol 2-Cychlohexen-1-ol Dioxanes MIBK 2-Propanol Benzaldehyde Cyclohexene Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) 2-Pentanol Tetrahydrofuran 2-Butanol Decahydronaphthalene Furan 4-Penten-1-ol Class C Peroxide Formers: Same precautions as Class B. Include: Acrylic acid Chloroprene Styrene Vinyl acetylene Vinyladiene chloride Acrylonitirile Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Vinyl chloride Butadiene Methyl methacrylate Vinyl acetate Vinyl pyridine *Without opening, immediately dispose of any peroxide-forming chemical with any crystalline formation. Be careful not to open, shake, heat, or drop. Testing Peroxide-Forming Chemicals: Peroxide test strips can be bought cheaply online, or various in-lab tests can be performed: One method is to combine the fluid with an equal volume (1-3mL) of acetic acid (AcOH). To this a few drops of a 5% KI solution are added, and a color change indicates the presence of peroxides. Another method adds a small amount of the fluid to be tested (~0.5mL) to ~1mL 10% KI solution and ~0.5mL dilute HCL. To this a few drops of starch indicator are added, and the presence of blue/blue-black color within a minute indicates the presence of peroxides. Fluids with a LOW (<30ppm) concentration of peroxides can often be deperoxidated via filtration through activated alumina, distillation (not for THF!), evaporation, or chromatography. V. Labware Safety A. Glassware:
Always inspect glassware for cracks, chips, or fractures before use. Discard any glassware that is even slightly damaged.
Use glassware for its intended purpose! Heat fluids in a round-bottom boiling flask whenever possible.
Store on a shelf away from the edge. Round-bottomed flasks should be set on cork or tin holders, or padded into a drawer.
Joint grease reduces stuck joints, and therefore breakage.
Always carry glassware with two hands. Do not hold beakers by their sides, or flasks by the neck.
Clean glassware after any procedure, and before as necessary.
B. Support:
Use the fewest amount of clamps such that all structures are firmly held.
Support all flasks with rings.
Assemble apparati from bottom up.
Assemble such that liquid always passes through the male joint. Never allow fluid to pass into the joint. This prevents both leaks and lubricant contamination.
Do not over tighten clamps. Clamps should be tightened the minimum amount that provides a secure frame.
C. Tubing:
Cut glass tubing by placing a single slit in the desired position, then breaking by pulling the edges toward you and pushing the joint out.
Bend glass tubing by heating until red, and pulling ends toward self to form desired angle.
Use lubricant to insert tubing into stoppers, and wear hand protection during assembly.
DO NOT force glass together or into anything. Use minimal pressure, lubricant, and a gentle twisting motion if necessary.
D. Heating:
Heating mantles and hot plates are preferred over bunsen burners in almost all situations. Never unnecessarily introduce a flame to your lab environment.
Avoid rapid temperature changes whenever possible. Borosilicate glass is made for more rapid temperature changes. Heat and cool glass slowly. Do not set hot glass on a cold tabletop or under cold water.
Never look into the mouth of a receptacle that is being heated, or point it towards the self or others.
Use heat resistant gloves and/or tongs to handle hot receptacles or products.
Cover oil baths so they don’t splatter, or use a sand bath in its stead.
Always use boiling chips for reflux and distillation!
E. Electricity:
Be aware of electrical hazards. Check wires periodically, and keep the lab environment dry and clean.
Use power strips to protect equipment.
VI. Reaction Safety A. Fume Hoods: Fume hoods are absolutely essential whenever flammability, toxicity, or accidental intoxication is a concern. That includes all organic solvents, concentrated acids, and concentrated ammonia, as well as any materials that are both volatile and toxic, corrosive, reactive, or intoxicating. The face velocity of a fume hood should be around 100 ft/min or 0.5 m/s. Keep these guidelines in mind when using a fume hood:
Regularly check that air flow is not blocked.
Keep the sash open as little as possible to promote air flow.
Keep all chemicals and glassware at least 6 inches away from the edge of the workspace.
Air should flow from the fume hood directly to the outdoors.
Unfortunately, bees often find that fume hoods are the most difficult apparatus to obtain and install in a private laboratory. Nonetheless, it is imperative that each lab includes one. This is especially important for bees, who often work in confined spaces that can quickly and easily fill with toxic, flammable, or intoxicating vapors. A proper fume hood may cost several thousand dollars. Fortunately, there are many online guides and videos that teach how to construct one for as little as a few hundred dollars. The builder must meticulously ensure that air flow is adequate and constant. The outtake must be properly filtered, and there must not be any leaks through which air can flow other than the space under the sash and the outtake. B. Additional Tips:
Avoid gas chemistry whenever possible. It is often dangerous, difficult, and produces poor quality products and low yields.
Avoid pressurized systems whenever possible. They also present special risks.
After working with potentially pyrophoric agents that may not interact well with water or oxygen, flush apparati with pressurized inert gas before cleaning.
Do not clean bromine contaminated glassware with acetone, which forms bromoacetone, a tear gas.
Always use deionized water- tap water contains interruptive ions such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+, as well as dissolved gasses.
VII. Emergency Procedures A. Emergency Shower and Eyewash Stations: If any hazardous chemical comes in contact with the body or eyes, the emergency shower or eye-wash station should be utilized immediately, with continued application for at least 15 minutes. The eyes should be held open for this entire process. Quality eye-wash stations can be purchased online for between 50 and several hundred US dollars. Bees who don’t have one installed are advised to purchase one. Some models can be attached directly to a sink faucet. An alternative, less effective, and minimal necessary precaution is bottled, eye-safe saline solution such as EyeSaline and Physician’s Care Eyewash Station, which can be purchased online for around $10 for a single bottle, and $30+ for kits. At least two bottles should be kept on hand in case both eyes are contaminated. Application of bottled solution to both eyes may require a partner, because the eyes must be held open to maximize effectiveness. For this, and other reasons (speed, difficulty/time of opening bottles vs. pushing a button, and water pressure) an actual eyewash station is in all ways preferred. Faucet-mounted eyewash stations such as the following are very affordable (US $59.95). Recommended Eyewash Station. Bees may not, however, have the space to install a safety shower. The home shower may be used in its stead; however, precaution must be taken to ensure it is easily accessible. The chemist should alert all others in the home/facility that they are working, and require that the door to the shower, and the path to it, be open at all times in case of emergency. B. Fire extinguishers:
Avoid working with flames whenever possible, especially when working with flammable solvents. Hot plates or heating mantles are preferable in almost all situations.
There are four classes of fires:
Class A- ordinary combustibles- wood, cloth, paper- can be extinguished with water, or general fire extinguishers. Class B- organic solvents, flammable liquids- chemical foam extinguishers (also work for class A and C). Class C- electrical equipment- chemical foam extinguishers. Class D- combustible metals such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, lithium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
A dry chemical ABC extinguisher is usually adequate.
If you plan to work with combustible metals (not recommended unless necessary), make sure to have a class D dry chemical fire extinguisher. Other methods or classes of extinguishers will not put out a combustible metal fire. Note that class D fire extinguishers will not work for class A, B, or C fires.
Do not use a CO2 extinguisher- if it has to be used on the person it can cause frostbite and inhibit breathing.
C. Fire blankets: Used for small fires, or to put out a person who has caught fire (laying on ground, standing may cause the fire to move up the body to the head due to a chimney effect). D. Spills: Keep some vinegar or baking soda around to neutralize bases and acids, respectively. After acids and bases are neutralized, the chemical can be mopped up and placed in waste disposal. VIII. Post-Procedure Protocols A. Personal Hygiene: Wash hands, face, and all exposed skin after PPE has been removed to avoid recontamination by touching dirty clothes. Shower and change clothes once possible. B. Facility Hygiene: Clean all surfaces, glassware, and equipment before leaving the lab. Keep laboratory items in the lab, and personal items out of it. Chemicals may be transferred into the home through those items. Additionally, foreign objects have the potential to contaminate sterile laboratory environments. C. Waste Disposal: Waste disposal is one of the most important aspects of safety, image management, public relations, avoidance of fines or criminal charges, and environmental preservation.
Create a waste disposal plan before beginning a procedure or ordering a chemical.
Consult the SDS for all chemicals, individually or in a mixture.
Clearly label all containers, including waste.
Rinse out empty containers with an inert solvent several times before disposal.
Collect aqueous waste separately from organic solvent waste, and place solid waste in a labeled container for disposal. Flammable and toxic waste should be stored in a closed waste container in the fume hood until proper disposal is possible.
Non-hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill.
The Article “Management of Waste” found here states, “The best strategy for managing laboratory waste aims to maximize safety and minimize environmental impact, and considers these objectives from the time of purchase.” The article describes four tiers of waste management:
Pollution prevention and source reduction (green chemistry).
Reuse and redistribution of unwanted/surplus material (purchasing only what is needed).
Treatment, reclamation, and recycling of materials within the waste.
Disposal through incineration, treatment, or land burial. Additionally, use of solvent as fuel, or a fuel blender (the least desirable tier).
I hope this safety plan can save a few bees. I know there is a lot of information, but chemical safety is extremely important and multifaceted. Best of luck with your endeavors. Stay safe out there!
A List of Environmental Jobs, Job Titles, and Areas of Work
This is a list of jobs, job titles, and areas of work that are related in one way or another to an environmental career. This list is USA-focused (due to US agency references) but can certainly be useful beyond the USA as well. There are very direct ways of having an environmental career, for example becoming an environmental scientist and working for a State agency; and many, many other ways, such as becoming a data analyst for a company that works on environmental transportation projects, a web designer for a sustainability consulting company, or a fundraising expert for an environmental non-profit. Use this list as a way to spark your personal research and creativity as you evaluate your:
Interests
Skills and assets
The job market in the area where you wish to work (does the job exist, is it hiring, etc)
by Andreas Schuld9-19-2006fromRenseWebsite About the Author . Andreas Schuld is head of Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC), an organization of parents whose children have been poisoned by excessive fluoride intake. The group includes educators, artists, scientists, journalists and authors, lawyers, researchers and nutritionists. It is active in worldwide efforts to have the toxicity of fluoride properly assessed. For further information, visit their website at www.bruha.com/fluoride. In 1999 the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a glowing report on the fluoridation of public water supplies, citing the procedure as one of the century's great public health successes.1 Ironically, the same report hints that the alleged benefit from fluorides may not be due to ingestion:
"Fluoride's caries-preventive properties initially were attributed to changes in enamel during tooth development because of the association between fluoride and cosmetic changes in enamel and a belief that fluoride incorporated into enamel during tooth development would result in a more acid-resistant mineral."
The CDC report then acknowledges new studies which indicate that the effects are "topical" rather than "systemic."
"However, laboratory and epidemiologic research suggests that fluoride prevents dental caries predominately after eruption of the tooth into the mouth, and its actions primarily are topical for both adults and children."
The obvious question is this: How can the CDC consider the addition of fluoride to public water supplies to be a public health success while admitting at the same time that fluoride's benefits are not "systemic," in other words, are not obtained from drinking it? The truth, now becoming increasingly evident, is that fluoridation and the proclaimed benefit of fluoride as a way of preventing dental decay is perhaps the greatest "scientific" fraud ever perpetrated upon an unsuspecting public. Even worse, the relentless promotion of fluoride as a "dental benefit" is responsible for the huge neglect in proper assessment of its toxicity, an issue that has become a major concern for many nations. As there is no substance as biochemically active in the human organism as fluoride, excessive total intake of fluoride compounds might well be contributing to many diseases currently afflicting mankind, particularly those involving thyroid dysfunction. In the United States, most citizens are kept entirely ignorant of any adverse effect that might occur from exposure to fluorides. Dental fluorosis, the first visible sign that fluoride poisoninghas occurred, is declared a mere "cosmetic effect" by the dental profession, although the "biochemical events which result in dental fluorosis are still unknown."2,3,4 The quantity of fluoride needed to prevent caries but avoid dental fluorosis is also unknown.5 What is Fluoride? Fluoride is any combination of elements containing the fluoride ion. In its elemental form, fluorine is a pale yellow, highly toxic and corrosive gas. In nature, fluorine is found combined with minerals as fluorides. It is the most chemically active nonmetallic element of all the elements and also has the most reactive electro-negative ion. Because of this extreme reactivity, fluorine is never found in nature as an uncombined element. Fluorine is a member of group VIIa of the periodic table. It readily displaces other halogens--such as chlorine, bromine and iodine--from their mineral salts. With hydrogen it forms hydrogen fluoride gas which, in a water solution, becomes hydrofluoric acid. There was no US commercial production of fluorine before World War II. A requirement for fluorine in the processing of uranium ores, needed for the atomic bomb, prompted its manufacture.6 Fluorine compounds or fluorides are listed by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) as among the top 20 of 275 substances that pose the most significant threat to human health.7 In Australia, the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) recently considered 400 substances for inclusion on the NPI reporting list. A risk ranking was given based on health and environmental hazard identification and human and environmental exposure to the substance. Some substances were grouped together at the same rank to give a total of 208 ranks. Fluoride compounds were ranked 27th out of the 208 ranks.8 Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine have been found in at least 130, 19, and 28 sites, respectively, of 1,334 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).9 Consequently, under the provisions of the Superfund Act (CRECLA, 1986), a compilation of information about fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine and their effects on health was required. This publication appeared in 1993.9 Fluorides are cumulative toxins. The fact that fluorides accumulate in the body is the reason that US law requires the Surgeon General to set a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride content in public water supplies as determined by the EPA. This requirement is specifically aimed at avoiding a condition known as Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis (CSF), a disease thought to progress through three stages. The MCL, designed to prevent only the third and crippling stage of this disease, is set at 4ppm or 4mg per liter. It is assumed that people will retain half of this amount (2mg), and therefore 4mg per liter is deemed "safe." Yet a daily dose of 2-8mg is known to cause the third crippling stage of CSF.10,11 In 1998 EPA scientists, whose job and legal duty it is to set the Maximum Contaminant Level, declared that this 4ppm level was set fraudulently by outside forces in a decision that omitted 90 percent of the data showing the mutagenic properties of fluoride.12 The Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th Edition (1984) gives lead a toxicity rating of 3 to 4 (3 = moderately toxic, 4 = very toxic) and the EPA has set 0.015 ppm as the MCL for lead in drinking water--with a goal of 0.0ppm. The toxicity rating for fluoride is 4, yet the MCL for fluoride is currently set at 4.0ppm, over 250 times the permissible level for lead. Water Fluoridation In 1939 a dentist named H. Trendley Dean, working for the U.S. Public Health Service, examined water from 345 communities in Texas. Dean determined that high concentrations of fluoride in the water in these areas corresponded to a high incidence of mottled teeth. This explained why dentists in the area found mottled teeth in so many of their patients. Dean also claimed that there was a lower incidence of dental cavities in communities having about 1 ppm fluoride in the water supply. Among the native residents of these areas about 10 percent developed the very mildest forms of mottled enamel ("dental fluorosis"), which Dean and others described as "beautiful white teeth." Dean's report led to the initiation of artificial fluoridation of drinking water at 1part-per-million (ppm) in order to supply the "optimal dose" of 1mg fluoride per day--assuming that drinking four glasses of water every day would duplicate Dean's "optimal" intake for most people. Now, according to the American Dental Association, all people, rich or poor, could have "beautiful white teeth" and be free of caries at the same time. After all, the benefits of water fluoridation had been documented "beyond any doubt."13 When other scientists investigated Dean's data, they did not reach the same conclusions. In fact, Dean had engaged in "selective use of data," using findings from 21 cities that supported his case while completely disregarding data from 272 other locations that did not show a correlation.14 In court cases Dean was forced to admit under oath that his data were invalid.15 In 1957 he had to admit at AMA hearings that even waters containing a mere 0.1ppm (0.1 mg/l) could cause dental fluorosis, the first visible sign of fluoride overdose.16 Moreover, there is not one single double-blind study to indicate that fluoridation is effective in reducing cavities.17 So What's the Truth About Tooth Decay? The truth is that more and more evidence shows that fluorides and dental fluorosis are actually associated with increased tooth decay. The most comprehensive US review was carried out by the National Institute of Dental Research on 39,000 school children aged 5-17 years.18 It showed no significant differences in terms of DMF (decayed, missing and filled teeth). What it did show was that high decay cities (66.5-87.5 percent) have 9.34 percent more decay in the children who drink fluoridated water. Furthermore, a 5.4 percent increase in students with decay was observed when 1 ppm fluoride was added to the water supply. Nine fluoridated cities with high decay had 10 percent more decay than nine equivalent non-fluoridated cities. The world's largest study on dental caries, which looked at 400,000 students, revealed that decay increased 27 percent with a 1ppm fluoride increase in drinking water.19 In Japan, fluoridation caused decay increases of 7 percent in 22,000 students,20 while in the US a decay increase of 43 percent occured in 29,000 students when 1ppm fluoride was added to drinking water.21 Dental Fluorosis: A "Cosmetic" Defect? Dental fluorosis is a condition caused by an excessive intake of fluorides, characterized mainly by mottling of the enamel (which starts as "white spots"), although the bones and virtually every organ might also be affected due to fluoride's known anti-thyroid characteristics. Dental fluorosis can only occur during the stage of enamel formation and is therefore a sign that an overdose of fluoride has occurred in a child during that period. Dental fluorosis has been described as a subsurface enamel hypomineralization, with porosity of the tooth positively correlated with the degree of fluorosis.22 It is characterized by diffuse opacities and under-mineralized enamel. Although identical enamel defects occur in cases of thyroid dysfunction, the dental profession describes the defect as merely "cosmetic" when it is caused by exposure to fluoride. What is now becoming apparent is that this "cosmetic" defect actually predisposes to tooth decay. In 1988 Duncan23 stated that hypoplastic defects have a strong potential to become carious. In 1989, Silberman,24 evaluating the same data on Head Start children, wrote that "preliminary data indicate that the presence of primary canine hypoplasia [enamel defects] may result in an increased potential for the tooth becoming carious." In 1996 Li 25 wrote that children with enamel hypoplasia demonstrated a significantly higher caries experience than those who did not have such defects and, further, that the "presence of enamel hypoplasia may be a predisposing factor for initiation and progression of dental caries, and a predictor of high caries susceptibility in a community." In 1996 Ellwood & O'Mullane26 stated that "developmental enamel defects may be useful markers of caries susceptibility, which should be considered in the risk-benefit assessment for use of fluoride." Currently up to 80 percent of US children suffer from some degree of dental fluorosis, while in Canada the figure is up to 71 percent. A prevalence of 80.9 percent was reported in children 12-14 years old in Augusta, Georgia, the highest prevalence yet reported in an "optimally" fluoridated community in the United States. Moderate-to-severe fluorosis was found in 14 percent of the children.27 Before the push for fluoridation began, the dental profession recognized that fluorides were not beneficial but detrimental to dental health. In 1944, the Journal of the American Dental Association reported: "With 1.6 to 4 ppm fluoride in the water, 50 percent or more past age 24 have false teeth because of fluoride damage to their own."28 The Wonder Nutrient? On countless internet sites, fluoride is proclaimed as the "wonder nutrient," the "deficiency" symptom being increased dental caries.29 It boggles the mind that a cumulative toxin and toxic waste product can be described a "nutrient." Nevertheless, such claims are repeatedly made by pro-fluoridationists.30 On March 16, 1979, the FDA deleted paragraphs 105.3(c) and 105.85(d)(4) of Federal Register documents which had classified fluorine, among other substances, as "essential" or "probably essential." Since that time, nowhere in the Federal Regulations is fluoride classified as "essential" or "probably essential." These deletions were the immediate result of 1978 Court deliberations.31 No essential function for fluoride has ever been proven in humans.32,33,34,35,36 "Nature Thought of It First" A popular slogan employed by the ADA and other pro-fluoridation organizations is, "Nature thought of it first!" The slogan creates the impression that the fluoridation compounds used in water fluoridation are the same as those discovered many years ago in the water in some areas of the US.37 The fluoride compound in "naturally" fluoridated waters is calcium fluoride. Sodium fluoride, a common fluoridation agent, dissolves easily in water, but calcium fluoride does not.9 Animal studies performed by Kick and others in 1935 revealed that sodium fluoride was much more toxic than calcium fluoride.38 Even worse, toxicity was recorded for hydrofluorosilicic acid, the compound now used in over 90 percent of fluoridation programs, Hydrofluorosilicic acid is a direct byproduct of pollution scrubbers used in the phosphate fertilizer and aluminum industries. Our government adds it to water supplies even though it is also involved in getting rid of its own stockpile of fluoride compounds left over from years and years of stockpiling fluorides for use in the process of refining uranium for nuclear power and weapons.39 In the Kick study, less than 2 percent of calcium fluoride was absorbed and this was excreted quantitatively in the urine. But even calcium fluoride is not benign. As the animals given calcium fluoride also developed mottled teeth, it was clear that such compounds could produce changes on the teeth merely by passing through the body, and not by being "stored in a tooth" or anywhere else. No calcium fluoride was retained. In 1946 Samuel Chase, one of the authors of the Kick study, became president of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). This organization promoted the idea that only the fluoride ion in the various fluoridation compounds was of importance. Yet he well knew that sodium fluoride did not behave like calcium fluoride. Unlike calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride was retained in great amounts in the body and was very toxic. Rock phosphate and hydro-fluorosilicic acid experiments yielded the same information. New areas with "natural" fluoride are appearing all over the world, as now all areas not "artificially" fluoridated are considered "natural." The problem is that this "natural" fluoride is the result of direct water and soil contamination from petrochemical land treatment, uncontrolled fertilizer use, pesticide applications, ground water contamination from industrial waste sites, rocket fuel "burial grounds," and so forth. Suddenly we have "natural" fluorides showing up in areas previously deemed "fluoride deficient"! Total Intake It is well established that it is TOTAL fluoride intake from ALL sources which must be considered for any adverse health effect evaluation.40,41,42 This includes intake by ingestion, inhalation and absorption through the skin. In 1971, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated:
"In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the individual must be considered."41
Exposure to airborne fluorides from many diverse manufacturing processes--pesticide applications, phosphate fertilizer production, aluminum smelting, uranium enrichment facilities, coal-burning and nuclear power plants, incinerators, glass etching, petroleum refining and vehicle emissions--can be considerable. In addition, many people consume fluorine-based medications such as Prozac, which greatly adds to fluoride's anti-thyroid effects. ALL fluoride compounds--organic and inorganic--have been shown to exert anti-thyroid effects, often potentiating fluoride effects many fold.43 Household exposures to fluorides can occur with the use of Teflon pans, fluorine-based products, insecticides sprays and even residual airborne fluorides from fluoridated drinking water. Decision-makers at 3M Corporation recently announced a phase-out of Scotchgard products after discovering that the product's primary ingredient--a fluorinated compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS)--was found in all tested blood bank examinations.44 3M's research showed that the substance had strong tendencies to persist and bio-accumulate in animal and human tissue. In 1991 the US Public Health Service issued a report stating that the range in total daily fluoride intake from water, dental products, beverages and food items exceeded 6.5 milligrams daily.42 Thus, the total intake from those sources alone already greatly exceeds the levels known to cause the third stage of skeletal fluorosis. Besides fluoridated water and toothpaste, many foods contain high levels of flouride compounds due to pesticide applications. One of the worse offenders is grapes.45 Grape juice was found to contain more than 6.8 ppm fluoride. The EPA estimates total fluoride intake from pesticide residues on food and fluoridated drinking water alone to be 0.095 mg/kg/day, meaning a person weighing 70 kg takes in more than 6.65 mg per day.45b Soy infant formula is high in both fluoride and aluminum, far surpassing the "optimal" dose46,47 and has been shown to be a risk factor in dental fluorosis.48 Tea In their drive to fluoridate the public water supplies, dental health officials continue to pretend that no other sources of fluoride exist. This notion becomes absurd when one looks at the fluoride content in tea. Tea is very high in fluoride because tea leaves accumulate more fluoride (from pollution of soil and air) than any other edible plant.49,50,51 It is well established that fluoride in tea gets absorbed by the body in a manner similar to the fluoride in drinking water.49,52 Fluoride content in tea has risen dramatically over the last 20 years due to industry contamination. Recent analyses have revealed a fluoride content of 17.25 mg per teabag or cup in black tea, and a whopping 22 mg of soluble fluoride ions per teabag or cup in green tea. Aluminum content was also high--over 8 mg. Normal steeping time is five minutes. The longer a tea bag steeped, the more fluoride and aluminum were released. After ten minutes, the measurable amounts of fluoride and aluminum almost doubled.53 A website by a pro-fluoridation infant medical group states that a cup of black tea contains 7.8 mgs of fluoride54 which is the equivalent amount of fluoride from 7.8 liters of water in an area fluoridated at 1ppm. Some British and African studies from the 1990s showed a daily fluoride intake of between 5.8 mgs and 9 mgs a day from tea alone.55, 56, 57 Tea has been found to be a primary cause of dental fluorosis in many international studies.58-70 In Britain, over three-quarters of the population over the age of ten years consumes three cups of tea per day.71Yet the UK government and the British Dental Association are currently contemplating fluoridation of public water supplies! In Ireland, average tea consumption is four cups per day and the drinking water is heavily fluoridated. Next to water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Tea can be found in almost 80 percent of all US households and on any given day, nearly 127 million people--half of all Americans--drink tea.71 The high content of both aluminum and fluoride in tea is cause for great concern as aluminum greatly potentiates fluoride's effects on G protein activation,72 the on/off switches involved in cell communication and of absolute necessity in thyroid hormone function and regulation. Fluoride and the Thyroid The recent re-discovery of hundreds of papers dealing with the use of fluorides in effective anti-thyroid medication poses many questions demanding answers.73,74 The enamel defects observed in hypothyroidism are identical to "dental fluorosis." Endemic fluorosis areas have been shown to be the same as those affected with iodine deficiency, considered to be the world's single most important and preventable cause of mental retardation,75 affecting 740 million people a year. Iodine deficiency causes brain disorders, cretinism, miscarriages and goiter, among many other diseases. Synthroid, the drug most commonly prescribed for hypothyroidism, became the top selling drug in the US in 1999, according to Scott-Levin's Source Prescription Audit, clearly indicating that hypothyroidism is a major health problem. Many more millions are thought to have undiagnosed thyroid problems. Environment Every year hundreds and thousands of tons of fluorides are emitted by industry. Industrial emissions of fluoride compounds produce elevated concentrations in the atmosphere. Hydrogen fluoride can exist as a particle, dissolving in clouds, fog, rain, dew, or snow. In clouds and moist air it will travel along the air currents until it is deposited as wet acid deposition (acid rain, acid fog, etc.) In waterways it readily mixes with water. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), emitted by the electric power industry, is now among six greenhouse gases specifically targeted by the international community, through the Kyoto protocol, for emission reductions to control global warming. The others are carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), methane and nitrous oxide (N2O). SF6 is about 23,900 times more destructive, pound for pound, than carbon dioxide over the course of 100 years. EPA estimates that some seven-million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) escaped from electric power systems in 1996 alone. The concentration of SF6 in the atmosphere has reportedly increased by two orders of magnitude since 1970. Atmospheric models have indicated that the lifetime of an SF6 molecule in the atmosphere may be over 3000 years.76 The ever-increasing fluoride levels in food, water and air pose a great threat to human health and to the environment as evidenced by the endemic of fluorosis worldwide. It is of utmost urgency that public health officials cease promoting fluoride as beneficial to our health and address instead the issue of its toxicity. REFERENCES(All web addresses were visited before Fall, 2000)
Phosphoric Acid Waste Dialogue,Report on Phosphoric Wastes Dialogue Committee, Activities and Recommendations, September 1995; Southeast Negotiation Network, Prepared by Gregory Borne for EPA stakeholders review
ATSDUSPHS - "Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (F)" CAS# 16984-48-8, 7664-39-3, 7782-41-4 (1993), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html
Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, August 1993, p.59
World Health Organization - Fluorides and Human Health, p. 239 (1970)
Carton RJ, Hirzy JW - "Applying the NAEP code of ethics to the Environmental Protection Agency and the fluoride in drinking water standard" Proceedings of the 23rd Ann. Conf. of the National Association of Environmental Professionals. 20-24 June, 1998. GEN 51-61, http://rvi.net/fluoride/naep.htm
Yiamouyannis, J - "Water fluoridation and tooth decay: Results from the 1986-1987 national survey of U.S. school children" Fluoride 23:55-67 (1990). Data also analyzed by Gerard Judd, Ph.D., in:Judd G - "Good Teeth Birth To Death", Research Publications, Glendale Arizona (1997), EPA Research #2 (1994)
Teotia SPS, Teotia M -"Dental Caries: A Disorder of High Fluoride And Low Dietary Calcium Interactions (30 years of Personal Research), Fluoride, 1994 27:59-66 (1994)
Imai Y - "Study of the relationship between fluorine ions in drinking water and dental caries in Japan". Koku Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 22(2):144-96 (1972)
Steelink, Cornelius, PhD, U of AZ Chem Department, in: Chem and Eng News, Jan 27, 1992, p.2; Sci News March 5, 1994, p.159
Giambro NJ, Prostak K, Denbesten PK - "Characterization Of Fluorosed Human Enamel By Color Reflectance, Ultrastructure, And Elemental Composition" Fluoride 28:4, 216 (1995) also Caries Research 29 (4) 251-257 (1995)
Duncan WK, Silberman SL, Trubman A - "Labial hypoplasia of primary canines in black Head Start children" ASDC J Dent Child 55(6):423-6 (1988)
Silberman SL, Duncan WK, Trubman A, Meydrech EF - "Primary canine hypoplasia in Head Start children" J Public Health Dent 49(1):15-8 (1989)
Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY -""Caries experience in deciduous dentition of rural Chinese children 3-5 years old in relation to the presence or absence of enamel hypoplasia" Caries Res 30(1):8-15 (1996)
Ellwood RP, O'Mullane D - "The association between developmental enamel defects and caries in populations with and without fluoride in their drinking water" J Public Health Dent 56(2):76-80(1996)
Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on LifeSciences, National Research Council, August 1993 p 47-48
"The Effect of Fluorine On Dental Caries" Journal American Dental Association 31:1360 (1944)
Barrett S, Rovin S (Eds) -"The Tooth Robbers: a Pro-Fluoridation Handbook" George F Stickley Co, Philadelphia pp 44-65 (1980)
Federal Register, 3/16/79, page 16006
Federal Register: December 28, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 249)] Rules and Regulations , Page 67163-67175 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR Part 101 Docket No. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19
The Report of the Department of Health and Social Subjects, No. 41, Dietary Reference Values, Chapter 36 on fluoride (HMSO 1996). "No essential function for fluoride has been proven in humans."
"Is Fluoride an Essential Element?" Fluorides, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 66-68 (1971)
Richard Maurer and Harry Day, "The Non-Essentiality of Fluorine in Nutrition," Journal of Nutrition, 62: 61-57(1957)
"Applied Chemistry", Second Edition, by Prof. William R. Stine, Chapter 19 (see pp. 413 & 416) Allyn and Bacon, Inc, publishers. "Fluoride has not been shown to be required for normal growth or reproduction in animals or humans consuming an otherwise adequate diet, nor for any specific biological function or mechanism."
"The problem of providing optimum fluoride intake for prevention of dental caries" - Food and Nutrition Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Pub.#294, (1953) ".. a person drinking fluoridated water may be assumed to ingest only about 1 milligram per day from this source ... the development of mottled enamel is, however, a potential hazard of adding fluorides to food. The total daily intake of fluoride is the critical quantity."
World Health Organization, International Drinking Water Standards, 1971."In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the individual must be considered. Apart from variations in climatic conditions, it is well known that in certain areas, fluoride containing foods form an important part of the diet. The facts should be borne in mind in deciding the concentration of fluoride to be permitted in drinking water."
Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks, Department of Health and Human Services, p.45 (1991)
Silva M, Reynolds EC - "Fluoride content of infant formulae in Australia" Aust Dent J 41(1):37-42 (1996)
Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD -"Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in market milk and infant formulas in Canada." J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70(4):754-7 (1987)
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Meiers, P. - "Zur Toxizität von Fluorverbindungen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Onkogenese", Verlag für Medizin Dr. Ewald Fischer, Heidelberg (1984)
Srebnik-Friszman, S; Van der Miynsbrugge, F.-"Teneur en Fluor de quelques thØs prØlevØs sur le MarchØ et de leurs Infusions" Arch Belg Med Soc Hyg Med Trav Med Leg 33:551-556 (1976)
Rüh K - "Resorbierbarkeit und Retention von in Mineralwässern und Erfrischungsgetränken enthaltenem Fluorid bei Mensch und Laboratoriumsratte" Diss. Würzburg (1968)
Analyses conducted by Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC) at Gov't -approved labs. Contact: [email protected]
Jenkins GN - "Fluoride intake and its safety among heavy tea drinkers in a British fluoridated city" Proc Finn Dent Soc 87(4):571-9 (1991) Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
Opinya GN, Bwibo N, Valderhaug J, Birkeland JM, Lokken P - "Intake of fluoride and excretion in mothers' milk in a high fluoride (9ppm) area in Kenya" Eur J Clin Nutr 45(1):37-41 (1991) Department of Dental Surgery, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu J - "Brick tea consumption as the cause of dental fluorosis among children from Mongol, Kazak and Yugu populations in China" Food Chem Toxicol 35(8):827-33 (1997)
Cao J, Bai X, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhou D, Fang S, Jia M, Wu J - "The relationship of fluorosis and brick tea drinking in Chinese Tibetans" Environ Health Perspect 1996 Dec;104(12):1340-3 (1996)
Sergio Gomez S, Weber A, Torres C - "Fluoride content of tea and amount ingested by children" Odontol Chil 37(2):251-5 (1989)
Cao J, Zhao Y, Liu JW - "Safety evaluation and fluorine concentration of Pu'er brick tea and Bianxiao brick tea" Food Chem Toxicol 36(12):1061-3(1998)
Wang LF, Huang JZ- "Outline of control practice of endemic fluorosis in China."Soc Sci Med 41(8):1191-5 (1995)
Olsson B -"Dental caries and fluorosis in Arussi province, Ethiopia" Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 6(6):338-43 (1978)
Diouf A, Sy FO, Niane B, Ba D, Ciss M - "Dietary intake of fluorine through use of tea prepared by the traditional method in Senegal" DakarMed 39(2):227-30 (1994)
Fraysse C, Bilbeissi MW, Mitre D, Kerebel B - "The role of tea consumption in dental fluorosis in Jordan" Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 32(1):39-46 (1989)
Fraysse C, Bilbeissi W, Benamghar L, Kerebel B- "Comparison of the dental health status of 8 to 14-year-old children in France and in Jordan, a country of endemic fluorosis."Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 32(3):169-75 (1989)
Villa AE, Guerrero S - "Caries experience and fluorosis prevalence in Chilean children from different socio-economic status."Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 24(3):225-7 (1996)
Chan J.T.; Yip, T.T.; Jeske, A.H. - "The role of caffeinated beverages in dental fluorosis" Med Hypotheses 33(1):21-2 (1990)
Mann J, Sgan-Cohen HD, Dakuar A, Gedalia I - "Tea drinking, caries prevalence, and fluorosis among northern Israeli Arab youth."Clin Prev Dent 7(6):23-6 (1985)
Schmidt, C.W.; Leuschke, W. - "Fluoride content of deciduous teeth after regular intake of black tea" Dtsch Stomatol 40(10):441 (1990)
Struneckß, A; Patocka, J - "Aluminofluoride complexes: new phosphate analogues for laboratory investigations and potential danger for living organisms" Charles University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physiology and Developmental Physiology, Prague/Department of Toxicology, Purkynì Military Medical Academy, Hradec KrßlovØ, Czech Republic http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/brain3.htm
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PRESS RELEASE, May 25,1999 Iodine Deficiency
Miller AE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Vazn Doren JM - "Negative Ion Chemistry of SF sub 4" Journal of Chemical Physics 102(22):8865-8873 (1995)
Symptoms of Fluoride Poisoning
· Black tarry stools · Bloody vomit · Faintness · Nausea and vomiting · Shallow breathing · Stomach cramps or pain · Tremors · Unusual excitement · Unusual increase in saliva · Watery eyes · Weakness · Constipation · Loss of appetite · Pain and aching of bones · Skin rash · Sores in the mouth and on the lips · Stiffness · Weight loss · White, brown or black discoloration of teeth
Long Term Effects of Fluoride
· Accelerated aging · Immune system dysfunction · Compromised collagen synthesis · Cartilage problems · Bony outgrowths in the spine · Joint "lock-up"
G Proteins
Signals or communications from one cell to another, and from the outside of the cell to the inside, are made possible by the action of special proteins called "G" proteins, which are found in all animal life, including yeasts. G proteins are so called because they bind to guanine nucleotides, a major component of DNA and RNA. G proteins mediate the actions of neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, odorants and light. In other words, G proteins make it possible for our nervous systems to function properly and, in particular, allow for night vision and the sense of smell.
All thyroid function is mediated by G-protein activity. Both aluminum and fluoride interfere with the activation of G proteins. Thyrotropin, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is considered the natural G-protein activator. Its action is mimicked by fluoride and vastly potentiated by the presence of aluminum. Pharmacologists estimate that up to 60 percent of all medicines used today exert their effects through G-protein signaling pathways. Vitamin A from cod liver oil has been used successfully to bypass blocked G-protein pathways due to vaccination damage. (See Autism and Vaccinations.) Myristic acid, a saturated fatty acid having 14 carbons, plays an important roll in G-protein function as these signaling proteins require myristic acid added to one end of the protein. (See Kidney Fats.) Thus, diets deficient in vitamin A and saturated fats can be expected to contribute to nervous disorders and vision problems.
Predictive Programming Continued. “WHITE NOISE” - NOVEL ANALYSIS IN THE WAKE OF CORONA VIRUS. In the milieu of a beautiful mid-western college called singularly as The-College-on-the-Hill, the novel “White Noise” (1985) tracks a year in the life of Jack Gladney, a professor who has become famous in the field of Hitler studies (although he has refused to take German lessons until the present). He has been married five times to four different women and takes care of a brood of kids and stepchildren (Heinrich, Denise, Steffie, Wilder) with his present partner and wife, Babette. Jack and Babette are both extremely terrified of losing their lives; they frequently wonder and debate which of them will be the first to pass on. The first part of “White Noise”, called "Waves and Radiation", is a chronology of modern family life combined with academic sardonicism. There is little plot development in this first section, which mainly serves as a preface to the characters and story twists that develop in the remainder of the novel. For example, the strange deaths of men in "Mylex" (intended to conflate Mylar) outfits and the ashen, frightened survivors of an aeroplane that went into free fall anticipate the cataclysm of the novel's following part." Waves and Radiation" also introduces Murray Jay Siskind, Jack's friend, and fellow college professor, who talks about concepts about death, food markets, media, "psychic data," and other examples of modern US customs. In the second section, "The Airborne Toxic Event", a toxic accident from a rail car spill a black poisonous fog over Jack's home area, starting a force-march. Terrified by his exposure to the toxic poison (called Nyodene Derivative) Jack is made to face up to his mortality. An organization called SIMUVAC (short for "simulated evacuation") is also introduced in Part Two, an indication of simulations supplanting reality. part three of the book, "Dylarama", Jack finds out that Babette has been cheating on him with a person she names as "Mr Gray" to be able to get the fictional drug called Dylar, an experimental vaccine for the terror of death. The novel turns into an examination of contemporary civilization's terror of death and its obsession with pharmaceutical cure-alls as Jack tries to get his own black-market amounts of Dylar. However, Dylar fails to work for Babette, and it has extreme side effects, including forgoing the capability to "distinguish words from things, so that if someone said 'speeding bullet', I would fall to the floor and take cover".Jack continues to obsess over dying. While having a conversation about mortality, Murray suggests that murdering someone could relieve the apprehension. Jack decides to find and assassinate Mr Gray, whose real name, Jack understands, is Willie Mink. After some black comedy of Jack driving and practising, in his mind, the different methods in which their encounter might take place, he successfully finds and shoots Willie, who at the time is in a delusional state caused by his own Dylar use. Jack places the weapon in Willie's hand to make the killing seem like a suicide, but Willie then wounds Jack in the arm. Suddenly contemplating the pointless waste of life, Jack hefts Willie to a hospital run by German nuns who no longer can speak the German language and do not believe in God or an afterlife. Having rescued Willie, Jack goes home to observe his children sleep. The final chapter describes Wilder, Jack's youngest boy, riding a tricycle across the highway and incredibly avoiding any accident. “SHE DIES TOMORROW” - FILM ANALYSIS IN THE WAKE OF CORONA VIRUS. During the Contagion of the Pandemic, an American theatrical film was released called “She Dies Tomorrow.” (2020)During the film, the character Amy is a young woman who has recently bought a home and is congratulated over the telephone by her companion Jane. Amy appears distant, confusing Jane, who says that she cannot come over to visit because she has to visit her sister-in-law's birthday party, but says she will visit anyway. Amy goes on the Internet and begins surfing for urns, before altering her Internet search to leather jackets. When she arrives, Amy demonstrates to Jane that she knows she is going to pass away the following day, which Jane initially puts down to Amy drinking too much alcohol, revealing that Amy is a reformed drunk. Amy repeatedly states that she wants to be taxidermied into a leather jacket after she expires, so she could be returned to an item of use. Jane exits, reassuring her she will check in the next day. Jane goes back to her home to continue analyzing samples under a microscope, but quickly becomes anxious and quickly goes over to Amy's house, leaving several voice phone messages but not being able to talk to her directly. She then exits to travel to her sister-in-law's birthday celebrations. At the birthday celebration, Jane seems unkempt and in her nightclothes, confusing the other guests and shocking them by admitting that she, too, is going to expire tomorrow. This angers Susan, Jane's sister-in-law, while Jane's brother, Jason, tries to sort through the upset. Tilly, a party member, says to her partner, Brian, that she imagines that Jane was crazy as they are in the car getting ready to leave. However, Brian remonstrates he imagined that she was correct, showing that both of them had also become infected. Jason and Susan are then infected while clearing up after the party, as they result in passing the contagion of terror onto their daughter. At a hospital, Brian euthanizes his father by cutting off his life support systems, upon which Tilly abruptly says she was only waiting for the passing to leave him. Jane goes to see a medical expert, who initially wants to refer her to get psychological help. Amy goes on a trip in a dune buggy with a driver, during which she has a flashback to a time before the film's beginning, in which she and her partner Craig went to Craig's brother's holiday house at a week's end. During the weekend, the pair ring for pizza, and it is implied that Craig became contagious by the pizza delivery man, beginning the chain of situations for the film in motion. After the ride, Amy then transmits the terror onto the dune buggy driver, before the duo shortly and awkwardly tries to kiss, before ceasing. Returning to the doctor's office, Jane infects the doctor, who has a break with reality before exiting to be with his wife. Jane comes back to her house and starts talking to the microscopic creatures she sees under the scope while trying to calm herself, before observing an unknown entity enter her house that she asks of "is this the end?" Amy comes back to the holiday home to find that Craig has killed himself. The following morning, Jason and Susan talk about what they think will be their final day and say they will not wake their child so she can die painlessly in her sleep. Jane then walks into the nearby backyard of two young girls, Sky and Erin, who appear unperturbed by Jane's blood-stained looks, before demonstrating they both have the illness, as well. Jane questions if she can use the pool, and begins wading as her blood dilutes in the water. Sky and Erin discuss unconcernedly what they will miss when they have passed away. Amy then goes to a leather shop, and starts to ask questions about custom cutting, eventually desiring to know what leatherworkers could do with 'a mammal'.Amy starts to sob as the worker tells her the process, before she awakes with a start, discovering herself lying on some stones. She starts whispering to herself, oscillating between "it's okay" and "I'm not okay", before gently rocking herself as the movie closes. POKEMON CYBER SOLDIER EVENT. An example of hysterical suggestion and contagion as per COVID19 was the largely misunderstood incident involving Pokemon "Electric Soldier Porygon.""Dennō Senshi Porygon" (Japanese: でんのうせんしポリゴン, Hepburn: Dennō Senshi Porigon, translated as "Computer Warrior Porygon", however more often "Electric Soldier Porygon") is the 38th show of the Pokémon cartoon's initial run. Its sole broadcast was in Japan on December 16, 1997. In the show, Ash and his comrades discover at the local Pokémon Center that there is something amiss with the Poké Ball issuing apparatus. To discover what is the cause, they must go within the apparatus. The show demonstrated continual visual effects that supposedly induced epileptic seizures in a large number of Japanese TV watchers, an occurrence claimed as the "Pokémon Shock" (ポケモンショック, Pokemon Shokku) by the Japanese press. 685 children from across Japan were taken to medical facilities over the next two days; two stayed in the hospital for more than a fortnight. The shares of Nintendo, the company that made the electronic and computer entertainment systems they were based on, plunged by about 5%. Because of this occurrence, Nintendo demanded the specific show yanked from rotation and it has not been shown in any nation since. After the occurrence, the Pokémon cartoon went into a four-month hiatus, removing the TV Tokyo red circle decal and the チュッ! marking from the Japanese cartoon, and it returned on TV in Tokyo on April 16, 1998. From that point, the time slot changed from Tuesday to Thursday. Since then, the specific show has been ridiculed and nuanced in cultural contexts, such as The Simpsons show "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" and the South Park show "Chinpokomon".In fact, the Pokemon Cyber-Soldier episode's effect was proven to carry over two successive nights in Japan even though it was only shown once. It was found that the children involved communicated with each other via the Internet, mobile phone, and at school the following day. During this gossiping, the rumours spread of the very isolated incidents of actual seizure from the initial night's episode. So, actually, very few children suffered from the real seizure effect on the night of the sole broadcast, and the rest merely suffered from a hysterical reaction and psychological contagion spread by social networking rumour-mongering by the Japanese Press, Japanese social networking habituation and by the Japanese schoolchildren themselves, it is now believed. This demonstrates that belief in a malady is often more important than the actual infection of a real malady itself. It also demonstrates this hysterical malady is contagious in itself. Was COVID19 largely a believed malady that spread through the hysterical contagion Mass Big Media? COMMUNIST TPLF.To demonstrate the collusive nature of Gates' Event 201 and connected organizations such as the UN's WHO during the COVID19 engineered crisis, consider the case of the leader of the UN's WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (Ge'ez: ቴዎድሮስ አድሓኖም ገብረኢየሱስ; born 3 March 1965) is an Ethiopian biologist, public sanitation engineer, and communist bureaucrat who has been since 2017 the Director-General of the World Health Organization. While being the first African in the role he is also the first Director-General who was not a doctor; he was promoted by the China-influenced African Union. Tedros has maintained two major prestigious positions in the government of Ethiopia: Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016. Leader of the UN's WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has overseen the WHO management of the Kivu Ebola outbreak. He made early visits to both the Democratic Republic of Congo and Communist China during the Kivu Ebola outbreak. He began his political career as a member of the Communist Tigray People's Liberation Front. Years later, he would be running the UN WHO despite not being a real medical Doctor. Currently, the Communist Tigray People's Liberation Front is holding out in strong resistance pockets on the Ethiopian border, firing heavy explosive rockets from the backs of trucks at Ethiopian and UN troops. Tedros has singled out free or reduced-cost and subsidized universal health coverage as his top need at WHO. He promoted the point and repeated this set of principles in his first address as Director-General and to the end of the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly. In October 2017, he put forth his senior logistics group, with females performing 60% of jobs in the administration in an equal opportunity effort. While Tedros was issued commendations for his lack of sexism, he also received flak for a lack of professionalism. He appointed Dr Tereza Kasaeva of the Russian Ministry of Health to lead the WHO Global Tuberculosis Program without collating any sort of opinion among the community; weeks before being appointed, community institutions had put out a media circular demanding a less regulated process based on free-market competition and rivalry to select the Program's new director. On 18 October 2017, Tedros formerly stated that he had selected President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe to act as a WHO Goodwill Ambassador to assist in defeating non-communicable diseases in the continent of Africa. He said Zimbabwe was "a country that places universal health coverage and health promotion at the centre of its policies to provide health care to all." Mugabe's selection was strongly attacked, with WHO associate states and non-governmental organizations stating that Zimbabwe's state healthcare system had actually slid in reverse under his dictatorship, as well as indicating Mugabe's enormous human rights abuses. It was also pointed out that Mugabe himself refuses to patronize his own health system, instead of travelling to Singapore for medical advice. Observers stated Tedros was giving back a political favour. Mugabe was in charge of the African Union when Tedros was promoted as the single African Union representative in a hijacked election process that refused to consider free candidates like Michel Sidibé of Mali and Awa Marie Coll-Seck of Senegal. His decision was strongly criticized on the Internet. The editor-in-chief of Lancet, a long-established doctor's gazette, called Tedros "Dictator-General." After many attacks, on 22 October 2017 Tedros revoked Mugabe's goodwill ambassador job. In comments to the Anadolu Agency, some East African medical administration staff could and did anonymously accuse Tedros of soliciting support for the Tigray People's Liberation Front during the 2020 Tigray war. They demanded Tedros had pressurized UN bodies so they would attempt to divert the leadership of Ethiopia's attack on the TPLF, as well as trying to garner support from Egypt and East African nations for the group. The Chief of General Staff Birhanu Jula Gelalcha publicly accused Tedros of backing the group on 19 November 2020 and trying to get arms and equipment for them. Tedros denied trying to gain support for the TPLF. THE UN BIOLOGIST, AND THE WUHAN MILITARY LABORATORY. The enormous elephant in the room that no-one wants to address is why a Communist biologist should occupy the chief role as Director-General in the UN's WHO at this precise time when an alternate yet entirely feasible vector for the COVID19 virus existed from a Communist Chinese bio-warfare lab less than 10 km from the Wuhan wet market site? In Washington, a private investigation of cellphone positioning information supposedly shows that a high-security Wuhan laboratory studying coronaviruses had an emergency in October, three sources informed on the situation reported to NBC News. The data — uncovered by the London's NBC News Verification Unit — says there were no cellphone broadcasts in a highly sensitive section of the Wuhan Institute of Virology from Oct. 7 through Oct. 24, 2019, and that it was likely that a "hazardous event" occurred sometime between Oct. 6 and Oct. 11. The believed outbreak was in the P4 Military Laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in China's central Hubei province on April 17, 2020. PREDICTIVE PROGRAMMING AND LAVEYAN GREATER MAGIC. If world governments are attempting to use subterfuge and secrecy to control the global population at large, why would they expose and telegraph themselves and their intentions using predictive programming like “Stephen King's 'Dead Zone'” (2003)? Potentially the method that state spy agencies are utilizing stems from the CIA occult work of Anton Szandor LaVey and the Church of Satan. Anton Szandor LaVey (born Howard Stanton Levey; April 11, 1930 – October 29, 1997) was a US writer, song-writer, and spiritualist. He founded the Church of Satan and the sectarian cult of LaVeyan Satanism. He wrote several books, including The Satanic Bible, The Satanic Rituals, The Satanic Witch, The Devil's Notebook, and Satan Speaks! Further, he recorded three albums, including The Satanic Mass, Satan Takes a Holiday and Strange Music. He acted in minor screen roles and was a technical consultant for the 1975 movie The Devil's Rain and acted as convener and narrator for Nick Bougas' 1989 auter cinema classic “Death Scenes.”LaVey pioneered the occult practice of Greater Magic. The chief trait of Greater Magic was that it had to be performed in front of the victim to achieve its consequence. Thus it was not hidden or secret magic. In fact, LaVeyan Greater Magic defers to Frazer's Law of Sympathetic Magic in that it falls under the Law of Similarity. From the Law of Similarity, the magician infers that he can produce any effect he desires merely by imitating it. LaVeyan magic augments this work of Frazer's by adding the condition that each simulation must be demonstrated to the victim for the occult practice to work and achieve its desired effect. This may explain why the entire sequence of the present Pandemic would be shown back in 2003 as a piece of predictive programming. Predictive programming is a Central Intelligence Agency program that seeks to sow agitation propaganda themes in the minds of enemy populations subconsciously. In fiction, the reason the main character, Alex Du Large, and his “droogs” of the Burgess novel, “A Clockwork Orange” speak the strange proto-Slavic youth argot of “Nadsat” is due to a Sov-Bloc satellite campaign of electronic predictive programming. Predictive Programming revolves around laying out a theme that the author hopes will be predictive of the audience's subsequent subconscious behaviour. An example of recent predict programming concerning COVID19 includes the 2003 US science fiction mystery drama series, “Stephen King's 'Dead Zone,'” starring Anthony Michael Hall as “Johnny Smith.”Predictive programming can be seen by its state author as an attempt to prepare a civilian audience with the indoctrination of agitation propaganda. It can be seen as the thin edge of the wedge in psychological warfare programs. Predictive programming can be compared to First World War preparatory barrages of artillery designed to soften enemy defences before men went “over the top.” Yet why would the predictive programming of “Stephen King's 'Dead Zone,'” (2003) starring Anthony Michael Hall as “Johnny Smith” proceed by such a length of time – unless the act of the 2020 Pandemic was intended to have such a massive, Earth-moving effect? ABOVE: “Stephen King's 'Dead Zone,'” (2003) FROM GELDOF'S LIVE AID TO GAGA'S GLOBAL CITIZEN: A NEW GENERATION OF CELEBRITY LAYABOUTS. In July 1985, the self-obsessed and painfully-narcissistic members of the world's entertainment glitterati found a new vehicle for their continual clawing for money and fame by fashioning the bodies of the starving Ethiopians to their televisual ends. The teen idols of the First World got put down their industry spats for an afternoon, shared their payola designer drugs backstage, and caterwauled to a writhing mass of well-fed assholes which was televised everywhere but the desert where the Ethiopian victims awaited food. These rockstar bums attempted to distribute their donated tribute without much success to the famine-struck of Ethiopia. But most of the money went to the dictatorial, socialist, Ethiopian regime of Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam – a regime the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (a right-wing western dictator) wanted to "destabilize" – and it is also reported that some of the donations were used on weapons. At the time of Sir Bob Geldof's “Live Aid” Concert in 1985, the leader of the UN's WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus was working for Mengisitu's ruling Socialist Derg regime. Shortly thereafter he trained in Science as a biologist, not in medicine. At this point, he was accused by the UN of covering up a cholera outbreak in the East African region. As a communist apparatchik, Tedros was cultivated by the hard-core socialist People's Republic of China as it made increasing inroads into Africa since the time of Mengistu. By the turn of the 21st century, the PRC had made similar moves into controlling the United Nations by out-manoeuvring an increasingly isolationist US, culminating in the US President of the United States, Donald Trump, and represented in his physical wall-building projects. This is how the first non-physician found himself voted into the top position of the UN WHO body by totalitarians and dictators like Mugabe. ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS. Like LiveAid in 1985, the COVID19 Disaster of 2020 was seen as a vulture-circling opportunity by celebrities and glitterati like Lady Gaga, Alanis Morissette, Andrea Bocelli, Billie Eilish, Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day, Burna Boy, Chris Martin, David Beckham, Eddie Vedder, and Elton John et al. Just as the likes of Midge Ure, Sting, Bono and Paul McCartney had fed off the starved bodies of the Ethiopians in the 1985 Famine Crisis under Mengistu and LiveAid, Global Citizen under Lady Gaga sought to turn the COVID19 Catastrophe into a cash grab at the cost of the Earth's people. ABOVE: Culturecide - \"They Aren't The World.\" Thus, it is the very real scientifically-proven facts of Nocebo, Psychogenic Death and Hysterical Contagion that the ill-educated Stalinist Dankey Kang misinterpreted in his vid, "Weird Ancap Memes Me to Oblivion on Twitter." By reading my blog about hysterical contagion, Dankey Kang only served to spark hysterical contagion within himself, Jason Unruhe, Fellow Traveler, Ewoks Unhinged, Comrade Net and other followers of theirs. This is evidenced by their collectivised paranoia over the recent scandal of the Nazbol Blogger site that Fat Controller definitely had no role in as an Anarchist. ABOVE: Evidence of Tankie Hysterical Paranoia generated by Dankey Kang distributing an incorrect version of my esoteric webpage. NOTE: Fat Controller is an Anarchist - NOT a Nazbol. His family fought each of the Axis Powers during WWII on a variety of fronts for the entirety of the war. This has occurred to insert the psychological seed of the panic that has been reaped by world governments during this suspicious infection. This has led to worldwide lockdowns and security situations. It can be seen that world trillionaire Bill Gates has experimented with the simulation of pandemics with his Event 201 simulation and that simulations exacerbate situations with the rise of COVID19 seemingly months later in a supposedly unconnected manner. Also, it would appear with the spread of the COVID19 infection that there is a nocebo effect in operation alongside the very real infection. This is being exacerbated by Big Media discussion and paranoia concerning an actual medical pandemic. Examples of this include the Global Citizen set of feel-good international pop concerts designed to bolster the profile of the UN's WHO Director-General and supporter of the hard-line socialist, PRC, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. There is little more that can be expected from an organized world System that indulges in the deliberate starvation deaths of over 20,000 children per day in a globe full of bread and milk.
There's something lurking in the secretive caves of Mexico
For the morning is bliss, the afternoon's a charm and evening's a delight Be wary of what comes after, for the night is unforgiving and often a murderer in disguise Journal found in the re-digging of the Yucatán Peninsula cave systems 18.8067° N, 89.3985° W Steady temperature, 25 c maintained. 345m from inception. Steep descent. June 20, 85 Visibility is getting exceedingly low after the first vantage point. Brittle, limestone covers the precipice. Headlamps and spotlights flicker violently across some extreme locations from our initial starting point. Thermal scanners prove futile across the same unidentified areas, we are hovering around closely on the edges of our initial point. The only problem palpable is low visibility due to some kind of nebulous fog sojourning around the edges, wandering alone without carrying a multivariate analysis on the known surface is very dangerous for few regions on the extreme westward side of the caves have almost, acute declination and ghastly deformities. The cave roof tilts perilously close to the edges of these surfaces. The entrance to the cave was surrounded by few delirious villagers, complaining of perturbing the natural vegetation as translated by our local companion. Later as we shew no signs of retreating, our entreats finally gave way. By then we were already past our mark. However, the villagers chose to linger around the cave for unfathomable purposes, eventually retreating to their shacks on the outskirts as evening drew closer. Immediately local workers working on the far ends of the cave system spotted certain, distinct cave paintings, what proceeded next amused my senses to a great bit, for some workers were seemingly repelled by the prehistoric ramblings, and immediately expressed wishes of abandoning that part of the labyrinth altogether. What frightened them to this extent I knew scarcely of for, I was given the tedious responsibility of studying the geometry. Hushed utterances of terrified workers filled the corridors, some even compared the deities in the petroglyphs to the hideous Hindu god, 'Hastur'. Further, in the corridors, our finds manager's team which consisted of six members including two students suggested some great findings further ahead in the cave system. Furthermore while progressing in the only direction hitherto suitable for trudging, one of the students from the find's manager division reported back enthralling news. Unbelievable alcove like structure was slightly visible, after moving linearly westward by hugging the cave walls for about 250m, these rock structures manifested into much greater sculptures, entirely man-made, this revelation sent a wave of nervous exultation. Immediately after carefully securing those artifacts, we contacted our site manager, Abigail who upon receiving the impeccable news wasted no time in wiring our director and head of our division, who in turn congratulated on our early success, having been run on a sufficiently low budget, possibility of finding something this perfect in a condition so early in our exploration was a rare occurrence and baffled our finds manager, Viktor to great extent, chances of a random cave-in were sufficiently low, relative tundra was sufficiently on high altitude as well, conversely, some parts of the cave as scanned by our thermal scanner revealed data of great interest, some parts while sufficiently inside the cave had a steady, almost acute declination in temperature while others like the area near our vantage points shew no such anomalies and a linear declination in temperature was recorded. 18.8067° N, 89.3985° W Steady temperature, 21 c maintained. Abnormal variations around the trove and steep declination in the pit 140m from inception. Steep descent. June 21, 85 The exploring team yesterday did a rather meticulous and tremendous job of exploring the much dreaded westward side of the cave, and then only way past our deadline 300m from our initial descent were we able to very safely gather some of the ostentatious artifacts. All the while workers on the extreme ends of the perimeter recorded uncanny data, for lichens like substance, extremely slippery, and emanating a putrid smell adhered to the adjoining walls of the cave and much of the surface, making walking nearly impossible, and a much dangerous task. Precarious and rather intelligent rock structures on the far ends of the corridor were immediately identified and secured by workers, however great precision and precaution had to be taken due to the alarmingly ponderous nature of the artifacts. As of the initial condition of the artifact, we were left wondering in awe for the conditions of the artefacts, of the seemingly ebony, stone structures were impeccable. Not a case of mechanical erosion had affected, and the impact of rolling or weathered erosion was absent throughout, like everything the same gelatinous slimy molds covered the entire region of the walls near the sepulcher and much of the artifacts. Only a prolonged treatment of the various materials and structures plagued by the unidentified sticky, gelatinous substance was needed in the laboratory. The presence of any kind of salt was rather astoundingly low and this meant a low amount of salt crystal formation. Even today, some village folks gathered on the entrance to our dig site today but left much earlier, of their intention I have no clue of. After only a steady, ascension of around 90m further westward, the limestone stalagmites got dangerously close and were distinctly visible. Some organic materials similar to the ones around the initial trove covered the precipice as well and was only identified when one of the heavier materials dropped without any prior notice on steekman's headgear. Careful investigation of the slimy mold gives us the idea of some kind of animal excreta, preferably mammals, for these placental creatures hovering around in limestone caves are a common occurrence. The only concern projected by Gavin, the geoarchaeology manager of our division, pointed out of the low visibility, for visibility reduced drastically after 30ft above us, such darkness was impenetrable and rendered our 120 watt headlamps useless. Workers working in the far ends of the cave now started complaining vehemently of a noxious smell emanating from the queer sepulcher and from the great abyss. All the while some other workers of our division complained of the same slimy mold like organic material dripping from the cave's precipice as well. Whilst some even complained of a nauseating smell arising from the stone sculptures, whilst others reported strange radiance and heat radiating from the same sepulcher which harboured most of our miniature findings. After a careful thermal scan of the abhorred stop, as termed by some men of ours in extreme delirium after even reporting seeing some voluntary movement in the miniature statues interesting details were recorded. The moldy, gelatinous like materials covering the entire range of the cave walls on the west side before the steep descent, itself radiated some sort of intense heat radiation. Long presence beside the alcove and the trove put some of our men as well as the village folks to extreme fatigue and some even complained of nausea, local workers from the surrounding villages spoke in hushed speeches no more and presented their contempt in some foreign languages in sheer unison, henceforth the dreaded miniature statue of the seemingly, strikingly similar looking as of the abhorred Hindu deity, 'Hastur' as exclaimed by one of the more timid student from our find manager's team. It was abandoned not only by the village folks but even workers from our division discarded it. For standing a trifle close to the portent aroused nausea according to them. Of this, I cannot vouch, for their fear alone induced a feeling of obnoxious uneasiness and guaranteed an appreciable distance from the supposed spectre. Now, we must begin the fearful descent, fearful not because I dread but fearful because some men of both from our division as well some of the village folks repeat dreadfully of some accursed legend in the dank abyss that we must never set foot on. It is down there, we must find findings which will enhance our erudition, it is down there that our real discovery awaits, in the dank corridors of this aeon-lost, centuries sealed and aeon-forgotten cave systems. Today we must shun those who are delirious, fearful, or even sceptical, for we are only but a trifle away from unearthing a culture vastly forgotten and buried under thousand years of weathered storm. 18.8067° N, 89.3985° W Temperature unknown Can't figure out anything else Mental state is in doldrums June 22, 85 "Fear is the mother of morals" Bear in mind closely that it is only the further cave-ins that I suspect and fear and neither the groaning of that nameless entity, nameless for I have only a little recollection and knowledge of that and nor the wailings of my own crew members deter or even frighten me. In our mad pursuit of the historic may god forbade us, for we displayed such dumbness and folly stupidity I would not like to wish upon even on my nemesis. Bear in mind a singular thing more, for even in my mad dash toward the inner sanctum of this cave, where I now reside so blissfully aware of my imminent demise, I did not see any actual horror save for those eyes, hundreds of them, even more, oh god! those eyes, we witnessed those at the inception of our excavation but such blinding faith and under a prosaic spell of the dreary job, were we ever to take something so spectral of a thing into account? hahaha hahaha. I can see these horrid eyes now, leering down at me, mocking me. The cave bellows in laughter, IN A RESPONSE TO MY OWN. A stupid, stupid I would say, stupid thing to do to further enrage a person wholly drowned in its own seas of visual horrors his brain has to subject him to. I now would like to think of the village folks who joined in our blasphemous venture, for what? hahaha!. I can now understand their furtiveness when around those slimy materials, and when around the hideous figurine of the Hindu deity, Hastur. They were the first to descent and the first to ascent, hahaha! such random and timely dismantling of a cave, may god forbade shall not occur to any, the reason for the dismantling I have no clue of. I am still unable to comprehend such a disastrous consequence, for very securely and tediously we had begun our descent and it was with utmost security we began walking on the hideous surface. At first, I'm not sure, details are fuzzy and blear, why would not they be? I just escaped the wraith of an unnameable entity, which is still wandering around these labyrinths, around these roofs, around these horrid corridors. I think I might have enough of a deadline to document everything, deadlines are imperative in our field of expertise. I might embark my story but as I say this bear in mind just a trifle bit more, I might not be able to finish this, and if so this journal is ever recovered under this impious debris, men of science and fellow excavators alike will be tempted to discard, disregard, and might go on at length to even call this a hoax but it is only with the grace of God and on the mercy of that stupid being am I able to write this and not under any circumstance this journal might be disregarded or be called a hoax. As it is clear and very straightforward extractable from my earlier notes, on the day of June 21, on the edge of the Yucatan peninsula. Today we were meant to descent further in the secretive Mexican caves. Having been previously successfully secured various relics, we started our further descent in rather high spirit save for some dubious village folks and some sick men from our division who were quite vehemently opposing the digging and even asked for re-shift. In the mad pursuit of un-earthing ghastly secrets we let nothing deter us and even under the absence of few workers we descended down the abyss. It was then I suspect something preternatural of the most supernal nature was at work, at first, some of the local workers shouted, followed by a scream of the most hideous kind. It was Matt, and his daemonic screech is how I suspect something spectacularly supernatural was at play, for there resided in his guttural scream, an awe of the most curious nature. For you see, there is a normal scream, in a normal person's scream, of a singular male, you don't go on to hear helplessness, dread, fear, curiosity and even surprise, no. In that unnatural moment of panic, again I say, I wasn't subjected to any visual horror until the very end. At once I feared the worst, only a singular question reverberated in my mind, how did this happen! I believe most of the men from our division and of the villagers which we recruited immediately perished under the falling debris, and if not then the further excavation hazards must have secured their untimely demise. At some points, I even heard metallic clanks, curious thuds on metallic pipes, steel plates falling, and then silence, the sound of settling debris and the complex haze of confusion, fear, stupidity, humor. Yes, even humor. I wouldn't wanna lie, why would I? It will only be suitable if I tell everything as it was and without any touch of mystery or exaggeration. The whole of the front portion of cave descended down upon us, I'm not sure of any survivors but in the distance beneath gravel, dirt and debris I can hear screams, but I can sense astonishment in their speeches as well. Only this was enough to deter me from even going beyond that hindrance, beyond that wall of debris. Note that, If I was built like the lord himself or even had some supernatural powers of my own, even then I would have floundered in front of those gigantic boulders covering my exit, and even then to climb the steep wall would have been a drudgerous task in itself. I knew not what nature of spell came upon me for in the face of death, call it my callous behavior or haughty demeanor I was unnaturally calm, at peace even. What propelled me through that abyss further more into those hideous away from our work area into these dismal corridors of death is anyone's guess but to say I escaped unscathed, was unharmed would be a lie. From fear or from the delicate wound oozing a dangerous amount of blood from my head, I'm not entirely sure what caused me to faint for it was as sudden and quick as the collapse of our dig site. Sleep came as a deliverance if only for a jiff, but in that merciful period of time floating betwixt maddening labyrinths of my transient daze, I sought out many wonders than the city's haze. Under a moonless sky and in the vast unfathomable plains of sheer nothingness, I met a singular deity, of whom I can describe with just visions and no lore and only that ensued respite from my unending fright and nothing more. How would you deny subconscious, yes! the subconscious mind. How would you deny it? How would you deny the unceasing urge to explore what further these damp corridors held within them, even when some inexplicable sound as of some ancient monstrosity as in under unspeakable pain was scarcely audible, the type of sound one wouldn't expect in a cave shunned of for a thousand and one years I found it impossible to deny the perpetual urge to seek what these dank caverns held, what they hid? For death was imminent, and the only way to seek merciful oblivion. At first, I must tell you of the paintings that I saw, I like to believe that it was only the half luminescence of the flashlight and half shadow of my own body which fell upon those paintings and made them appear even more hideous for you see, in my several years of being an Archaeologist myself only once before I felt extreme terror, only once, you see. Even then I was in the merciful company of my fellow observers, but what I saw there was a complex mixture, a disproportionate compound of everything that is unwelcoming, unwholesome, and ghastly. What are these paintings but only a reflection of the culture, only a reflection of their dreams and their thoughts? From what I have gathered from the innumerable accounts I have read, of the numerous books I have galloped in my years of erudition only scarcely I have witnessed painting depicting true fear, unadulterated terror. From what I saw I could only derive this singular conclusion. Years ago, I'm quite unsure about it for, in a normal chain of events, uranium-thorium dating would have been conducted on these specimens as well as these rocks to find out the exact age. This cave art I believe must go as far as 24,000 years old. In the very first of these prehistoric arts that I stumbled upon it was all but a representation of a ritual altar inside similar looking caves, not much queer. Further up the cave wall another one of this petroglyph shew what must have been some kind of enormous mammal but its entire anatomy, I'm not in a position to derive conclusions from these paintings, queer was its entire structure, for although its enormous size, its wings as in the art was of even greater stature. Its shape was very uncanny, cloud-like and it was levitating, an animal or bird, I can't quite fathom but irrespective of its class how was it to float with such gigantic body proportion was a deeply ponderous subject, its lower body was all but a terrifying example of evolution. For instead of legs there, numerous tentacles structure projected out of its lower body. Of its intelligence, I had little clue of. What bothered me the most at first was what I believed a misrepresentation of the creature's eyes, there were hundreds of those maddening eyes, leering straight down at those helpless people. Hundreds of them, yes! hundreds of those eyes, even thousand I'm not quite sure for I said the visibility was getting alarmingly low. Even then the painting wasn't carried out in much detail Further as I sauntered on the precarious ledge now blissfully aware of certain things more of those harrowing paintings came into view, In some, I swear I thought I even saw wanderers bearing striking similarities to us, no headlamps and modern gears with them of course. Whilst in some the monstrosity was being worshipped whilst in some of the arts the figures seemed to defend themselves throwing pebbles, javelins but what are these tidbits to a deranged monster like that. At length I found myself standing across another spectacular find which fellow researchers and archaeologist like me would have been tempted to explore so here I'm exempting the tempting details of the find but now I know what forbade our own workers from working near those figurines, vile organic liquid covered the entire surface, at once I found myself uttering curses of unfathomable origins. I'm not talking out of my wits here for you must see I even remember our coordinates, I remember every detail of our trip. It is not I'm going insane or I'm even mildly hallucinating but believe me, when I say that liquid was some sort of excreta, saliva at best, not human, emanating such odious odor I have little doubt over its origin. Only further ahead on the cave path the ominous reality choked my neck, strangled my breaths, and only further ahead on the cave path is the reason I forbade anyone from re-digging on this land of nebulous horror. Further, as I walked through the squalid floor, once again I would like to remind you I'm not under any kind of stupor, NEITHER I was then nor am I suffering from any drug-induced hallucination. There without any delay, I would like to say what I found was the extremity of what is hideous, unpleasant, and unbelievable. Unbelievable at most, at best. At first, I checked my nerves, yes I did! for sometimes high blood pressure, or excessive anxiety I believe can induce hallucination as well. No abnormalities there. I feel no shame in dictating what I did next, the last straw which sent me running down to where I am now. In a dream I raced back through the same precarious ledges which earlier I crossed with much perseverance. Better to fall and perish than to suffer endlessly in a cloud of persistent dread, only if god shew any kind of mercy I would have perished there and then. Reasonable of you are free to reason with my statement and comment on my shameful course of a run, say that I might be overthinking, or running parallel with my anxiety, but to say my reaction was anything but involuntary will of course not do justice. I found myself standing over an abyssal pit, common in these kinds of caves, the sound of that monstrosity, the baying was the loudest there and the smell was suffocating. What bothered me was the sheer stature of the pit and the colossal width, even that is justifiable under lack of proper measuring tools and other instruments as I have said already numerous times visibility was low so it could have been some sort of wicked illusion but even it is not that, which at first confused me and then sent me racing like a mad hound. There as I looked into the pit with my flashlight tiny....orbs like things reflected back the light at first I thought to flee for an altogether different reason. Bats! for I thought bats for some peculiar reason instead of the cave roofs decided to settle on the pit but only a singular oddity erased every merciful assumption my deranged mind had to offer. They all blinked simultaneously in sheer unison, unanimously! they all blinked. There as once again I fixated my gaze on the queer abyss, it lit up, through hundred of...orbs? At first, it seemed like orbs, then I applied the vestiges of sanity left in me...just like flashes of tube lights, flashlights even. It blinkedagain...thousand of flashes at once, like eyes...it BLINKED!....yes it blinked like eyes. Eyes! the paintings, the creature in those hideous paintings, the baying and the saliva all around me, this cave! is it a cave? or is it...is it.. ONCE AGAIN! the cave erupted with what I can only comprehend as laughter, plain laughter erupted in whole of that confined space. An inhuman laughter, of the most animalistic kind mocking a very distinct human emotion, "happiness". At once, the remnants of what was sanity propelled me through that horrendous course of path, through those same corridors of insanity. At once, I ran like a mad hound, like some sort of carnivore running behind a fleeting group of prey. Baying is very faint now and almost ceases here, even the laughter, although for the noxious smell I can't utter the same for. If only to perish remains on my fate then it is with a heavy heart and a foreboding fear I derive this hideous conclusion, my return to that accursed pit is eminent. For I must find out whatever plagues these plains, this cave. For the time being, amidst moving shapes, deafening groaning of that nameless entity and blinding darkness I will continue to document peculiarities. For now, I must return!
Laboratory glassware, broken glassware, and Pasteur pipettes, slides are disposed of in laboratory glassware disposal boxes. Laboratory glassware is often made of tempered borosilicate glass or soda-lime glass and is not beneficially recycled. Laboratory glassware disposal boxes are disposed of in municiple waste landfills with trash. One of the basic responsibilities of any laboratory worker at UF is to positively identify all hazardous waste being generated in the laboratory. Once hazardous wastes are identified, the lab must properly containerize , segregate, label , and store the waste until it is disposed of through EH&S . A Hazardous Waste Professional removes containers of chemical waste from each eligible laboratory no greater than six (6) months of each container’s accumulation start date. In general, laboratories accumulate no more than 25 gallons of chemical waste (total, per laboratory) and no more than one (1) quart of reactive acutely hazardous chemical waste prior to removal from the laboratory. Chemical Waste – This waste stream includes substances like alcohols, acids, flammable materials and caustic cleaning materials, for example, and should generally be be segregated into approved black Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous containers. Pharmaceutical waste – This waste stream may include pharmaceutical drugs and other substances that are on the RCRA P, U, or D lists. Examples of hazardous waste…. Presswash Solvents. Paints & Thinners. Laquer Thinners. Caustic Bases. Acids. Laboratory Chemicals. Solvents. Stillbottoms. Liquid biohazardous waste such as culture media, specimens, and so forth are typically collected into the vacuum flasks that, like sharps containers, are leak-proof and non-breakable. Such flasks are also fitted with HEPA filters, also known as overflow flasks, and discharged and cleaned when they are half-full or on a weekly basis. Examples of Hazardous Substances Prohibited from Drain Disposal . 1. Ethanol: an ignitable/flammable chemical that meets the ignitability characteristic of hazardous waste as defined by EPA/DOE, thus must be collected for hazardous waste disposal. As a flammable liquid, it is also forbidden from entering the public sewer (even Non-hazardous salts such as Sodium chloride, Magnesium sulfate, Potassium phosphate, Calcium acetate, etc. Note: Always look for the presence of toxic preservative compounds in “non-hazardous products” such as. Mercury or Azide salts in buffers] 5 Hazardous Waste Examples Businesses Commonly Produce. Hazardous waste, including toxic and corrosive waste, are common in many business environments. Even if you don’t think your business produces hazardous waste, you could be wrong. When we think of hazardous waste, we often think of those such as oil refineries and hospitals. Any waste that is fatally poisonous when ingested or absorbed. Examples of this include lithium-sulfur batteries and other materials that can cause death when swallowed. There are tests available through certified laboratories that will determine the characteristic traits of wastes to deem the type of hazardous waste that it is. In order to properly manage wastes, you must consult with an accredited laboratory like EHS.
Chemical Hazards / Lab Safety Video Part 4 - YouTube
About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators ... They explode when you touch them. Even a millionth of a gram can kill you. They can even disable you with their horrifying smell. SciShow introduces you to g... In this video we explain to you all about the protocols for chemical waste disposal in our laboratories. Disposing of your chemical wastes and contaminated i... This Amoeba Sisters video introduces science lab safety guidelines with memorable illustrations and an accompanying handout listed under "safety" on http://w... There are literally thousands of different substances used in the workplace. Cleaners, adhesives, paints, solvents, pesticides, inks, lubricants and fuels ar... Overview of how University workers can respond to a hazardous chemical spill. Topics include: Personal protective equipment (PPE), Reference (Chemical Hygien... Hank takes a break from the desk to bring you to the lab in order to demonstrate some important points about the practical side of chemistry - experimentatio... In this lesson, we'll learn about the 2 most important tools to identify chemical hazards: • Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and • Chemical LabelsMany of the chemic... Chemicals are found all over the jobsite and some of them are more hazardous than others. Container labels and safety data sheets will give you information a... Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Training Video -- Safety Data Sheets (SDS) - Top Ten Things to know.OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) - 29CFR1910.1...
